Environmental Problems, Climate Change and Global Warming Essay

Environmental Problems, Climate Change and Global Warming - Essay Example This essay discusses that there is a need for formulation of environmental ethics that can help us to understand and address the issues holistically. This may include first addressing the issues of systematic and institutional forms of developmentalism since they are the major contributing factors. This will create a sense of integrative approach to these issues thereby creating a good startup point for addressing the environmental problems. It is of crucial significance to give credit to the paradigm shift from Oil to Soil. This is quite beneficial since it leads to a sense of environmental consideration. It is crucial to understand that without the environment, there can be no resources like the oil. Again, with an unconducive environment, the benefits we derive from the environment will not help us that much. Therefore, it is important that when we derive benefits from the environment, including the oils, we should be conscious and considerate about the fate of the soil or the env ironment generally. It is true that many people in the industrialized countries always perceive issues touching on environmental considerations alongside developments as impractical or idealistic. This follows that they always lack a sense of environmental considerations following the majority of their operations. However, in order to deal with this, there should be policies in place that regulate industrial activities with regards to the emissions. In addition, there should be set environmental standards that should be met by those industrialized nations.

Hydrogen Gas Lab Essay Example for Free

Hydrogen Gas Lab Essay * For the mass, an uncertainty of0.01g was used, as the uncertainty was stated on the weighing machine. * For the volume, an uncertainty of0.05mL was used, as it was half the smallest increment on the graduated cylinder. * For the temperature, an uncertainty of0.5 was used, as it was half the smallest increment on the thermometer. Sample Calculation Converting mL to L Data Processing: Magnesium+HCl Reaction -Finding the molar volume at STP of hydrogen gas when HCl is reacted with magnesium. Finding Pressure of (Pressure of H2O at 21=0.02763) Finding Volume of at STP 0.002 Sample Calculation Finding Uncertainty for Finding moles of Moles of Finding Molar Volume of at STP. Zinc+HCl Reaction Experimentally calculating molar mass of zinc using the ideal gas laws. Finding Pressure of (Pressure of H2O at 21=0.02763) Finding Moles of Determining Molar Mass of Zn Conclusion: In conclusion it was found that the molar volume of hydrogen gas that was produced when hydrochloric acid reacted with magnesium was 19L/mol3. Ideally it should be 22.4L/mol according to the ideal gas laws. There is a percent difference of 15% between the two values. But if uncertainties are considered the percent difference is reduced to 2%. This is an acceptable value because the actual value of 22.4L/mol is an approximation in ideal conditions according to the ideal gas laws. The ideal gas laws dont take into consideration the attractive forces between atoms, or the volume of the atoms. And most likely if those factors were considered then the percent difference would be 0%. For the second part of the experiment it was experimentally found using the ideal gas laws that the molar mass of zinc is 124 g/mol. When compared with the actual value of 65g/mol, there is a percent difference of 90%. And even if uncertainties are considered, the percent difference is only reduced to 64%. This is too big; therefore the data is rendered unreliable. There were quite a few weaknesses and limitations in this lab. First of all the volume of H2O mixed in with the H2 gas was not considered. Had it been considered, then the volume found at STP would have been lower, and it would give a more accurate measurement to what the experimental value is. Another weakness in this lab was the fact that the molar mass of zinc was twice as big as its accepted value. The most likely reason for this is that when the zinc reacted, it is likely that some of the hydrogen gas was not in the beaker, but the hydrogen gas escaped into the air. That is why when the formula n=PV/RT was used, the volume in the numerator was half as big as it should be, which in turn caused the calculated molar mass to double. So it can be assumed that approximately half the hydrogen gas escaped into the air. Another weakness was the fact that the apparatus was left over night, and so if there was a microscopic hole or crack, then the chances of the hydrogen escaping is very high. This would be true because, and since hydrogen has the lowest molar mass of all the elements, it would have a very high velocity, and so it is possible that the hydrogen gas was able to escape through a microscopic hole at a fast rate because it has such a high velocity. Not only that, but since it was left overnight, it would have had more time to escape the beaker. There are a number of ways that this lab could be improved. First of all, a new graduated cylinder should be used to ensure that there are no cracks or holes through which the hydrogen gas can escape. Along with that the apparatus should not be left out overnight, but instead the reaction should be speeded up by heating up the apparatus, and then taking the measurements of the volume of gas every 1 minute. This in turn would decrease the amount of energy lost to the environment, and it would end up giving more accurate results. Next time, the volume of should also be considered. A percentage value can be used, since we know the pressure that gives, that pressure can be converted into a percent, and multiplies by the total volume, and then inversed. This in turn will in turn give the volume of .This will hold true because V=nRT/P, so pressure and volume are inversely proportional, and since nRT is a constant V and P have to change accordingly.

Pieter Bruegel the Elder and Sons :: essays `papers

Pieter Bruegel the Elder and Sons Pieter Bruegel , usually known as Pieter Bruegel the Elder to distinguish him from his elder son, was the first in a family of Flemish painters. He spelled his name Brueghel until 1559, and his sons retained the "h" in the spelling of their names. Pieter Bruegel the Elder, generally considered the greatest Flemish painter of the 16th century, is by far the most important member of the family. He was probably born 1529, in Breda in the Duchy of Brabant, now in The Netherlands. He was accepted as a master in the Antwerp painters' guild in 1551, and was apprenticed to Coecke van Aelst, a leading Antwerp artist, sculptor, architect, and designer of tapestry and stained glass. Bruegel traveled to Italy in 1551 or 1552, completing a number of paintings, mostly landscapes, there. Returning home in 1553, he settled in Antwerp. Ten years later, Bruegel moved permanently to Brussels. He married van Aelst's daughter, Mayken, in 1563. His association with the van Aelst family drew Bruegel to the artistic traditions of the Mechelen region in which allegorical and peasant themes run strongly. Dated paintings have survived from each year of the period except for 1558 and 1561. Within this decade falls Bruegel's marriage to Mayken Coecke in the Church of Notre-Dame de la Chapelle in Brussels. His paintings, including his landscapes and scenes of peasant life, stress the absurd and vulgar, yet are full of zest and fine detail. They also expose human weaknesses and follies. He was sometimes called the "peasant Bruegel" from such works as Peasant Wedding Feast (1567). It was in Rome, in 1553, that Bruegel produced his earliest signed and dated painting, Landscape with Christ and the Apostles at the Sea of Tiberias. The holy figures in this painting were probably done by Maarten de Vos, a painter from Antwerp then working in Italy. Among his patrons was Cardinal Antione Perrenot de Granvelle. Granville was president of the council of state in the Netherlands, in whose palace in Brussels the sculptor Jacques Jonghelinck had a studio. He and Bruegel had traveled in Italy at the same time, and his brother, a rich Antwerp collector, Niclaes, was Bruegel's greatest patron, having by 1566 acquired sixteen of his paintings. Another patron was Abraham Ortelius, who in a memorable obituary called Bruegel the most perfect artist of the century.

Iago as a Satan Figure in Shakespeares Othello Essay -- Othello essay

Iago as a Satan Figure in Othello      Ã‚   The play "Othello" by William Shakespeare is based on an Italian story in Giraldi Cinthio's Hecatommithi (Groliers). In "Othello" we encounter Iago, one of Shakespeare's most evil characters.   Iago is an ensign in Othello's army and is jealous of Cassio's promotion to Lieutenant. Through deception and appearance, we see unfolded a plethora of lies and clever schemes. The astonishing thing about Iago is that he seems to make up his malicious schemes as he goes along without any forethought. Noted writer Samuel Taylor Coleridge describes Iago's plan as "motive-hunting of a motiveless malignity" (Scott 413). Iago seizes every opportunity to further advance his plan to his advantage. Greed plays a major role as a motive for his various schemes. Throughout the story, Iago portrays himself as a Satan figure. In many ways, Iago can compare with Satan.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Iago, like Satan, has proved himself to be a master at deception. He lies to everyone taking great care to disguise his own thoughts. For example, in Act 1, scene 2, when he is speaking to Othello about his feelings toward Cassio, he uses very strong language of a manly soldier, while at the same time, he lies throughout the whole speech faking loyalty to a fellow soldier and all the while implying that he is reluctantly holding back the full truth: "I had rather have this tongue cut from my mouth/ Than it should do offense to Michael Cassio" (I.ii.21-22). This deception impresses and convinces Othello that his ensign is a good and loyal soldier. Iago also succeeds in deceiving Cassio. After Cassio's drunken fight, Iago counsels him to speak to Desdimona about trying to convince Othello to reinstate him as lieutenant, all th... ... to refer to him as, He says: "I am the I AM. . ." (Ex. 3:14). Iago says that he is the I am not. He is, in essence, the exact reverse of God. As we have seen, metaphorically and by example, Iago has proven to be the epitome of evil in that he uses the same tactics that Satan does to get what he wants.    Works Cited Carey, Gary M.A. Cliff's Notes. Cliff's Notes Incorperated. Lincoln Nebraska,1980. Holy Bible. New American Standard Version. The New Grolier Multimedia Encyclopidia. Rel. 6. CD-ROM. Online Computer Systems Incorperated. 1993. Scott, Mark. Critical Interperatation of Othello. from Shakespeare for Students. Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research Incorperated, 1992. 411-457. Shakespeare, William. Othello, The Moor of Venice. from Literature and the Writing Process. McMahon, Day, Funk. Prentice-Hall Publishers: New Jersey, 1996. 864-947.

The Question of Female Citizenship

The Question of Female Citizenship Catherine Tupper In the early 1800’s a young man by the name of James Martin was denied by the lower court when he claimed that his deceased mother’s property in the United States was confiscated from his family. After being denied for an appeal in the lower court, James appealed his decision to the Supreme Judicial Court. The problem at conflict in this case was whether or not James mother, Anna, was defined as a feme-covert or as a citizen of The United States. This court case was called Martin v. Massachusetts.According to the Source, in eighteenth-century Anglo-America a married women, by law, was known as a feme-covert. A woman considered a feme-covert was completely covered by her husband and had no recognized legal identity. She had no right to buy, sell or own property independently of her husband. In the case of Martin v. Massachusetts, the plaintiff James Martin presented the fact that his late mother left the United States b ecause his father did. In other words, Anna had no choice due to the feme-covert law which states that the man speaks and acts for the wife.The argument made by the ter-tenants was that Anna had the right to stay and claim citizenship due to the fact that all of the land owned by her husband was indeed hers because it was passed down by her father. In the end, the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts ruled that Anna Martin was bound by her marriage vows and had to follow her husband to England. The court reversed the confiscation and the land was returned to the Martin family. Due to the fact that the confiscation of Anna Martin’s property was reversed, the justices stated that women could not act independently of her husband in political or economic matters.

Giotto di Bondone - Father of the Renaissance

Giotto di Bondone - Father of the Renaissance Giotto di Bondone was known for being the earliest artist to paint more realistic figures rather than the stylized artwork of the medieval and Byzantine eras Giotto is considered by some scholars to be the most important Italian painter of the 14th century.  His focus on emotion and natural representations of human figures would be emulated and expanded upon by successive artists, leading Giotto to be called the Father of the Renaissance. Places of Residence and Influence Italy: Florence Important Dates Born: c. 1267Died: Jan. 8, 1337 Quotation from Giotto Every painting is a voyage into a sacred harbor. About Giotto di Bondone Though many stories and legends have circulated about Giotto and his life, very little can be confirmed as fact. He was born in Colle di Vespignano, near Florence, in 1266 or 1267- or, if Vasari is to be believed, 1276. His family was probably farmers. Legend has it that while he was tending goats he drew a picture on a rock and that the artist Cimabue, who happened to be passing by, saw him at work and was so impressed with the boys talent that he took him into his studio as an apprentice.  Whatever the actual events, Giotto appears to have been trained by an artist of great skill, and his work is clearly influenced by Cimabue. Giotto is believed to have been short and ugly. He was personally acquainted with Boccaccio, who recorded his impressions of the artist and several  stories of his wit and humor; these were included by Giorgio Vasari in the chapter on Giotto  in his  Lives of the Artists.  Giotto  was married and at the time of his death, he was survived by at least six children. The Works of Giotto There exists no documentation to confirm any artwork as having been painted by Giotto di Bondone. However, most scholars agree on several of his paintings. As an assistant to Cimabue, Giotto is believed to have worked on projects in Florence and other places in Tuscany, and in Rome. Later, he also traveled to Naples and Milan. Giotto almost undoubtedly painted the Ognissanti Madonna (currently in the Uffizi in Florence) and the fresco cycle in the Arena Chapel (also known as the Scrovegni Chapel)  at Padua, considered by some scholars to be his masterwork.  In Rome, Giotto is believed to have created  the mosaic of  Christ Walking on the Water  over the entrance to St. Peter’s, the  altarpiece at the  Vatican Museum, and  the fresco of  Boniface VIII Proclaiming the Jubilee  in  St. John Lateran.   Perhaps his best-known work is that done in Assisi, in the Upper Church of San Francesco: a cycle of 28 frescoes depicting the life of Saint Francis of Assisi. This monumental work depicts the entire life of the saint, instead of isolated events, as had been the tradition in ​earlier medieval artwork. The authorship of this cycle, like most of the works attributed to Giotto, has been called into question; but it is very likely that he not only worked in the church but designed the cycle and painted most of the frescoes. Other important works by Giotto include the Sta Maria Novella Crucifix, completed sometime in the 1290s, and the Life of St. John the Baptist fresco cycle, completed c. 1320. Giotto was also known as a sculptor and architect. Though there is no concrete evidence for these assertions, he was appointed chief architect of the workshop of Florence cathedral in 1334. The Fame of Giotto Giotto was a much-sought-after artist during his lifetime. He appears in works by his contemporary  Dante  as well as  Boccaccio.  Vasari said of him, Giotto restored the link between art and nature. Giotto di Bondone died in Florence, Italy, on January 8, 1337. More Giotto di Bondone Resources Painting of Giotto by Paolo UccelloBooks on Giotto include Giottoby  Francesca Flores dArcais Giotto(Taschen Basic Art)by Norbert Wolf Giotto(DK Art Books)by  Dorling Kindersley Giotto: The Founder of Renaissance ArtHis Life in Paintingsby  DK Publishing Giotto: The Frescoes of the Scrovegni Chapel in Paduaby Giuseppe Basile Giotto di Bondone on the Web WebMuseum: Giotto Extensive examination of Giottos life and work by Nicolas Pioch. Renaissance Art and Architecture

Essay on Jefferson Essays - Thomas Jefferson, Free Essays

Essay on Jefferson Essays - Thomas Jefferson, Free Essays Essay on Jefferson Essay on Jefferson Jefferson had destroyed political traditions. From his contradictions and defecting his priciples, Jefferson destroyed the political precedent and is a exemplatory hypocrite, which can be seen throughout his administration. Jefferson was an admired statesman who was grappling unsuccessfully with the moral issue of slavery. Thomas Jefferson, the author of the Declaration of Independence, opposed slavery his whole life, yet he never freed his own slaves. He championed Enlightenment principles, yet never freed himself of the prejudices of his soceity. Jefferson was extremely hypocritical in the issue of slavery. Jefferson was a plantation owner early in his life, and had slaves working for him throughout his life. Jefferson had tolerated while he didn't accept others who owned slaves. Jefferson denounced the slave owners, while he was owning and using slaves. Although Jefferson was supposedly a good slave owner, his hypocritical nature made him accuse others not to own slaves while he, himself was owning slaves. Another part of the hypocrisy was that Jefferson believed that the slaves were dependent upon the white man, while he, himself was dependent upon the slaves. Jefferson also was hypocritcal in his acquisition of the Loisiana territory. In Jeffersonian principles, large expansive governments were bad, and small was good. This was a antithesis of that principle. Jefferson knew that the acquisition of the Loisiana territory was beneficial to the welfare of the U.S. According to the constitution, nowhere in the constitution is the acquisition of land a right of the government, Jeffersons' predisposition was to strictly go by the constitution (as seen with the national bank controversy), this is another contradiction during his administration. Since the appropriation of the Lousiana territory was important for the expansion of the united states, he temporarily dismissed his principles, therefore destroying political traditions. Another hypocritical event during Jeffersons' administration was his acceptance of the National Bank. Early in Jefferson's political career, Jefferson had debated with Hamilton on whether to have the National Bank. "When this government was first established, it was possible to have kept it going on true principles, but the contracted, English, half-lettured ideas of Hamilton destroyed that hope in the bud, We can pay off his debts in 15 years." Early in Jefferson's Administration, Jefferson had denounced the National Bank. At the end of his administration, Jefferson realized that the National Bank was important and this is hypocritical by disregarding his principles. The Burr conspiracy depicted Jefferson as a ruthless, and a individual who will do anything inorder to achieve his goal. Jefferson championed civil liberties and unalienable rights. Yet, Jefferson violated civil liberties by coercing witnesses, arrested with out habeus corpus and prosecuting in a "court" of his own. Jefferson and Jeffersonians are hypocrites from the start and they destroyed political tradition as seen during Jeffersons' administration. Jeffersonians show an immense amount of hypocritism in their policies. For example, Federalists had supported high tarriffs, inorder to protect national manufacturers and american industry. The tarriffs were a vital determinent, which kept the economy of the United States viable. The Jeffersonians, not the Federalists began the American system of protecting american industry which initially was a major constituent of the federalist platform.

Scanners Essays - Image Scanners, Computer Hardware, Free Essays

Scanners Essays - Image Scanners, Computer Hardware, Free Essays Scanners Scanners Over the years the prices of scanners have dropped drastically both in the home and office. With as little as $89.00 dollars anybody can own a scanner. Although a scanner that is purchased for $89.00 may not have all the features or functions that a $1000.00 scanner may have, for home use it will be more than sufficient. Unless you are a graphic artist or a photographer who having the added features and functions, could determine getting your job done, a cheaper scanner will do just fine. With a less expensive scanner you may only be able to scan documents and photographs, while with a more expensive scanner you will be able to scan transparencies, 35 mm film and slides.(http://findarticles.com) Also with a more expensive scanner the speed at which the scanner processes the scanned information is much faster than that of a less inexpensive scanner. Ultimately it is up to you the consumer to decide which scanner is best for you and how much money you are willing or able to spend. I visited a few web sites and look at an inexpensive scanner compared to an expensive scanner, here are the results. Although this next scanner is not your typical scanner I thought it was worth mentioning because it is new and quite unique. The IS-22 Scanner (color image cartridge) is manufactured by Canon. This scanner cartridge is currently priced at $90.77. It is not your typical scanner. When you think of a scanner the typical flatbed scanner or hand-held scanners is what the consumer thinks of in a scanner. This scanner cartridge works with a Canon BJC-4300 Series printers. You will receive a color image scanner cartridge which transforms your printer into a color sheetfed scanner. You can scan mostly everything that a normal inexpensive scanner will scan. It will scan in color, black and white photos, magazine articles, documents and more. This scanner cartridge will save you space and money. To operate the scanner software associated with the BJC-4300 Series printers is quite simple. After loading the scanner cartridge software you are ready to scan. You simply put whatever documents you want to scan in your printer and tell the scanning software what you want to scan. It is that simple. The UMAX PowerLook lll Professional Scanner is a flatbed scanner. The current price for this scanner is $1099.99, it is manufactured by UMAX Computer Corp. The quality of this scanner is impeccable. You will get very realistic images from this scanner. Besides scanning documents and photographs, it will also scan slides, transparencies, negatives, and reflective originals. You can also crop and scan up to 12, 35mm slides. You can scan 35 mm film and the largest document you can scan is 8.5 x 11.7. It also captures fine details in shadow areas. This type of scanner works similar to a copy machine. You simply place whatever information you want to scan onto the bed of the scanner, close the lid and chose to scan the image. Just as with any other type of scanner you can choose to print, save to file or disk, or both.(http://wwwjandr.com) With both scanners you want to make sure that you load the scanning software into your hard drive. A dialog screen will pop up that will help you with the installation of the software. Your scanning equipment will come with directions on how to operate your particular scanner. How to troubleshoot. Numbers to call if you should need technical support.

Discussion Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 30

Discussion - Coursework Example Through this technique, our company are able to identify costs which are not necessary or not justifiable and enables our company to do something about this thereby improving our financial by reducing unwanted cost. For example, one department cost a lot to operate so our company decided just to outsource the operation because it is cheaper to do so. Our company’s financial statements are able to identify profit centers and helps our top managers to direct the company’s resources to maintain and bolster our revenue. Thus, in developing cash budgets and capital expenditures, the resources that the company I work for allocates is justifiable with the value and revenue it generates for the organization. In sum, the techniques in managerial accounting enables the decision makers in my company to reduce cost by identifying operations and activities whose cost are unjustifiable thereby making our operations more efficient. It also helps our decision makers where to allocate our resources where it could generate the utmost value and revenue for the

Cultural Background Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cultural Background - Essay Example Furthermore the maintenance of a staple food, rice and beans with pork, reminds me of the local flavors and aromas native to my country. Btu I think what contributes the most to maintaining a connection to our cultural background seems to have already been established by previous generations of Puerto Ricans. Since Puerto Ricans have been arriving to this country since the 1800s, there has already been collective social action in advocating political and social rights and preserving the heritage. There are more stateside Puerto Ricans in the states; about four million since the beginning of the twenty-first century then there are in Puerto Rico since 2003. There are contributions in all fronts from the entertainment industry, the labor market, the political aspect, and integrating celebration of Puerto Rican culture whenever possible. Currently there are at least fifty Puerto Rican parades that can be participated in across the nation and the majority of Puerto Ricans live together i n small communities, the largest in New York City, keeping ties to the culture tight.

Tourists decision-making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tourists decision-making - Essay Example Tourists’ decision-making Tourism experience motivates the ability, desire, style and quantity of tourism. These experiences ought to influence the future development and growth of tourism. They consist of sights, encounters, on-site activities, collecting of souvenirs and some sensations like. The tourism experiences should make the visit of the tourist memorable. Tourism experience involves services of a wide range such as transportation, accommodation and insurance. It also requires financial services, marketing and information in order to produce the requirements that are needed for tourism experience. The experiences help the tourists to know more about that destination. They should offer more information, adventure, relaxation and whatever else the tourists might require. Therefore, they should provide entertainment and excitement, as it is demanded. Entertainment, leisure and tourism industries have the responsibility of providing the satisfaction of tourism experience. The experiences are the driving force for leisure and tourism consumption. Tourists have a variety of tourist experiences to choose from. They are usually in need of a different experience from the normal. Some tend to distance themselves from their normal live and everything related to that and free themselves to experience the change and interact with new people.They should plan their tour depending on their expectations and what motivates them to choose the experience. Tourists should have a clear understanding of the activities that they would be involved in during the visit. The visit is expected to offer tourism experience that will be full of treasured memories and give total satisfaction. The purchase of a tourism experience is mainly influenced by the interest of the tourists. It can also be influences by self and cultural confidence. A tourist can be driven to purchase a tourism experience that involves discovering about a certain culture. This means that it would involve l earning about local or traditional foods of a culture. Having a taste of different foods is fun and interesting. The tourist was motivated to choose a destination depending on the attractions and activities of that region. Another motivation could be the desire for thing that are more authentic. Local foods are authentic and a symbol of the culture and region of a destination. This tourism experience

Group paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Group paper - Essay Example The labor may also be induced, if the water has broken but the contractions have not started yet. The movement and the growth of the baby are monitored after certain intervals. If at any point the health care professionals figures out that the growth of the baby is not at the expected pace then false labor must be induced. Infection in the uterus may also be one of the reasons. If there is not enough amniotic fluid present around the baby or the placenta peels it from the uterus’ inner wall, then labor can be artificially induced by the healthcare professionals. If the mother has any medical condition that may put the baby’s health at risk like diabetes or blood pressure then it is better to induce labor. By doing this the period of the labor might shorten by an hour. This procedure helps in the examination of the amniotic fluid for the presence of meconium that is considered to be the sign for fetal distress. Baby’s scalp must be accessed directly for monitoring the heartbeat of the baby. Stimulating the nipples is considered to be one of the natural forms of labor induction and it can be performed manually or by the help of an electric breastfeeding pump. By doing so the natural production of oxytocin will take place in the female’s body causing contractions. Change theory can be linked to Lewis Theory in a way that it is about unfreezing all the previous information about labor induction and learning the changes imposed by advanced researches and studies. It is important to educate the health care professionals on the advantages and risks associated with induction because they are the ones who are responsible for the wellbeing of the mother and baby. It is important to educate the mother as well, so that she may be able to take informed decision regarding her baby’s health (Simpson & Thorman,

Problem Statement Wal-Mart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Problem Statement Wal-Mart - Essay Example Customers of the company benefit from the low prices and variety of products which can be purchased in various branches nationwide (Terpstra, et al.138). However local communities suffer from a deterioration of the environment in areas where Wal-Mart stores are located, due to an increase of the vehicular flow. In addition, local communities suffer from the overall decline of local business activities in areas where Wal-Mart stores are located because smaller businesses cannot compete with one of the largest retailers in the history of US also the world. Suppliers cooperate effectively with the company but they have to always match its low-cost strategy. Otherwise, Wal-Mart would choose other suppliers. Moreover, Wal-Mart tends to shift to large corporations as its major suppliers because they offer minimal prices of products and are capable of delivering homogeneous products nationwide. Hence competitors cannot outpace Wal-Mart as one of the largest retailers in the US. All these fa ctors constitute the unique management of Wal-Mart as it has remained competitive and is gaining popularity across the world despite criticism. At the international level, Wal-Mart has a less significant impact compared to the US market. Nevertheless, the company has kept on growing and today Wal-Mart is one of the leading retailers not just in the US but also in the world. Moreover, if the company continues its aggressive international market expansion, Wal-Mart may become the world's leader, overpowering its major rivals, like Target or Carrefour. While entering international markets, such as China, Wal-Mart attempts to introduce its standards and organizational culture abroad to its overseas outlets to make them similar to those in the US and hence this will...

Group paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Group paper - Essay Example The labor may also be induced, if the water has broken but the contractions have not started yet. The movement and the growth of the baby are monitored after certain intervals. If at any point the health care professionals figures out that the growth of the baby is not at the expected pace then false labor must be induced. Infection in the uterus may also be one of the reasons. If there is not enough amniotic fluid present around the baby or the placenta peels it from the uterus’ inner wall, then labor can be artificially induced by the healthcare professionals. If the mother has any medical condition that may put the baby’s health at risk like diabetes or blood pressure then it is better to induce labor. By doing this the period of the labor might shorten by an hour. This procedure helps in the examination of the amniotic fluid for the presence of meconium that is considered to be the sign for fetal distress. Baby’s scalp must be accessed directly for monitoring the heartbeat of the baby. Stimulating the nipples is considered to be one of the natural forms of labor induction and it can be performed manually or by the help of an electric breastfeeding pump. By doing so the natural production of oxytocin will take place in the female’s body causing contractions. Change theory can be linked to Lewis Theory in a way that it is about unfreezing all the previous information about labor induction and learning the changes imposed by advanced researches and studies. It is important to educate the health care professionals on the advantages and risks associated with induction because they are the ones who are responsible for the wellbeing of the mother and baby. It is important to educate the mother as well, so that she may be able to take informed decision regarding her baby’s health (Simpson & Thorman,

Computer Numerical Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Computer Numerical Control - Essay Example Computer Numerical Control (CNC) popularly known as Numerical Control (NC) is the automatic control that is integrated into mechanical tools and equipments used in manufacturing mass products. These automated instructions are abstractly encoded into a program that is used as a language by the tools. These machines were introduced in the 1940s and their gross use was initiated in the 1950s although these did not use the modern computation language that is afforded by computer programs. However, in the modern times, the machines have been well developed so that little man power is needed. End to end designs of the components have been highly developed and the computers have been widely used in their processes and this have included such things as computer language being widely incorporated within the systems that use computer numerical control (Krull, 40). In the production of Padlocks by the Tri-Cycle company the use of the computer numerical control has been assessed and the following results were seen. One of the benefits of the system was that it could be used continuously for twenty fours and this have ensured that the production of the products can be continued continuously without facing any disruptions and hindrances. This is very beneficial to the company because the company can enjoy customer faith because the company ensures that the products are available in the market throughout the year and can meet any kind of demand that could be necessary at any time (Reintjes, 120). It is also beneficial to the company because the company does not need to employ highly skilled personnel to operate the machines. This have ensured that the company does not need to spend a lot of its resources in employing highly skilled personnel and at the same time ensure that the production of the padlocks is continued and also keep the quality of the products high levels. This is very beneficial to the company because while saving on the consumer faith, they also benefit largely to the fact that the system ensures that the products are of high quality and hence very beneficial in the market outlook of the company (Reintjes, 123).

Business Research Process Essay Example for Free

Business Research Process Essay Abstract The business research process is an important tool that can help the marketing in a business. By using the steps of this process managers are able to make decisions based on the study of the consumer and target audience. It is also important to identify the competitors in order to stay profitable and competitive. Business Research Process The business research method involves the studying of all parts of a company, the customers, and the market to make important decisions for the business. The strengths and weaknesses of a company are evaluated but especially how a customer views their goods and merchandise. Management studies the competition and the industry that which they are a part of. As part of the management at AZ Alarm Company, I make use of the business research process myself. The first step in this process is to identify the significant competitors in the industry. In the alarm industry it is important to know what other companies are offering so that we stay competitive and bring in new customers while still making a profit. Most of this information is readily available and easy to obtain. The second step in the process is to study the customer or consumer. Doing this enables management to find out what the needs and wants are in order to create new products. By analyzing this information it is also to be determined the amount of money someone is willing to spend on these services. After this information has been gathered it is ready to be analyzed. Companies sometimes use the SWOT (Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis. This method enables a business owner or management to enhance their strengths and to figure out what needs to do to change their weaknesses into strengths. Opportunities need to be taken advantage of and utilized because they will not always be available. The target audience also needs to be taken into consideration. If a business is marketing to people that will not use or benefit from their product or service they will not be able to meet their full potential. This can also affect their profit and gain immensely. All of the steps in the business research method are only effective if the information is used and applied to develop and better their marketing strategies. Collecting and analyzing data is something that is ongoing and should be done continuously. As times and technology change so does a consumers wants, needs, and preferences. At AZ Alarm we are always to striving to have the newest and latest technology but also at a competitive price so that we stay on top. References Cooper, D., Schindler, P. (2011). Business research methods (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Suttle, R. (2013). The Steps in a Business Research Process. Retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/steps-business-research-process-3294.html Suttle, R. (2013). What Is a Business Research Process?. Retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/business-research-process-3279.html

Role Of FDI In Higher Education Economics Essay

Role Of FDI In Higher Education Economics Essay The post-liberalization period witnessed an increasing trend of FDI inflows in India with a high growth rate. The relaxation of policies towards international trade and investment supported by a positive response from capital exporting countries is also considered as a major determinant of FDI inflows into India. Whether it is education sector or information technology or telecommunication sector there is a continuous fluctuation in FDI inflows into these sectors over the years. Thats why FDI in education sector has become a point of discussion among the researchers. India with its diversity fascinates one and all. Indian Education has recently gained world recognition. FDI inflows in the education sector during May 2012 stood at US$ 31.22 million, according to a release by the Ministry of Commerce Industry. Higher education is assuming an upward significance for developing countries, especially countries including India which is experiencing service-led growth. Higher education is all about generating knowledge, encouraging critical thinking and imparting skills relevant to this society and determined by its needs. Education general and higher education in particular, is a highly nation-specific activity, determined by national culture and priorities. The growth of Indias higher educational institutions has indeed been outstandingly rapid. The numbers of universities have doubled since 1990-91, and enrolment has become more than doubled. India is one of the most attractive education markets but historically the government has not encouraged foreign participation in this sector. It faces a massive challenge to provide education to young people, especially in remote locations. According to the National Knowledge Commission estimates, the country needs to build 1,500 universities within a period of five years to endow enough people with the skills to sustain rapid growth. Given this state of higher education in India, liberalization would be considered as the best solution. The major concern regarding such liberalization is that it can lead to commercialization of higher education which may have an effect on a large section of society adversely. The present paper aims to analyse the need of FDI in higher education in India and its implications on the Indian education system and to examine the importance of regulatory bodies in inviting the foreign universities and make recommendations for changing the present scenario in Indian higher education.The study is based on secondary data. Secondary data had been collected from various books and journals. The study covers the thoughts and writings of various authors in the stream of industry, academicia, and research. The study reveals that India must act in its self-interest. India must manage to launch a proposal and commit to areas where there are strategic opportunities to be exploited through trade. Regulation of higher education in India should be achieved through the correct approach. This will ensure that profit making is not exploitative but channeled to raise the quality of education. In short, a pro-active rather than defensive approach is required to benefit from the liberalization of higher education services. Keywords: FDI, Higher Education, liberalization, commercialization of higher education, ROLE OF FDI IN HIGHER EDUCATION: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES INTRODUCTION Today knowledge explosion is taking place across the world. Knowledge has become the key driving force in economies to become fast moving and rich based on use of knowledge effectively. Knowledge industry is nothing but education and it is becoming a key factor in the process of development of a nation. The Higher education in context with India has become very critical success factor to sustain the economic growth it has experienced in last 20 years which is partly due to knowledge based industries such as IT/ITES. India is moving and will continue to move towards services industry led growth and higher education is the most critical input in that domain. Higher education is all about generating knowledge, encouraging critical thinking and imparting skills relevant to this society and determined by its needs. The growth of Indias higher educational institutions has indeed been outstandingly rapid. The numbers of universities have doubled since 1990-91, and enrolment has become more than doubled. But this has been at the expense of quality, increased rigidity in course design, poor absorption of knowledge, and growing lack of access to laboratory facilities, journals and opportunities for field work, etc. The average Indian graduate compares poorly with her/his counterpart in most countries, including many developing ones. All this calls for reform, administrative changes, more funding, greater flexibility, quality improvement, etc. In 2007, the Indian Government announced a nine fold increase in higher education spending over the next five years. For India to maintain its economic growth in a global market place fueled by the knowledge economy, it needs to nearly double its number of students in higher education by 2012. Fifty-one percent of Indias population is under the age of 25. According to the National Knowledge Commission estimates, the country needs to build 1,500 universities within a period of five years to endow enough people with the skills to sustain rapid growth. India is one of the most attractive education markets but historically the government has not encouraged foreign participation in this sector. Since the impact of privatization, liberalisation and globalisation is penetrating in all sectors of the Indian economy, it is bound to affect education sector as well. Education is no longer need to be viewed only as a charity or social service but should be considered as a necessary input for economic growth. In this effort towards human resource development, the private sectors including foreign players through FDI has to play a major role since it is a major beneficiary of the knowledge industry. Government has proposed 100 percent foreign direct investment in higher education and hinted at making reservation mandatory in the institutions to be set up by foreign universities in the country. Once approved by the Cabinet and passed as law, the Foreign Education Providers (Regulation) Bill will grant deemed university status to such instituti ons. OBJECTIVES The basic aim is to focus on the following aspects: To study the status of Indian higher education system. To analyze the need of FDI in higher education in India. To examine the importance of regulatory bodies in inviting the foreign universities. To find out the implications of bringing in FDI in Indian higher education sector. To study the aspects of FDI entry in different countries in higher education. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY The study is based on secondary data. Secondary data had been collected from various books and journals. The study covers the thoughts and writings of various authors in the stream of industry, academician, and research. The Journals and books have been referred were described in the bibliography. REVIEW OF LITERATURE The importance of FDI and human capital accumulation, education for economic growth or FDI in higher education has largely been discussed in many literatures which are given below: Feenstra and Markusen, (1994), in their studies have highlighted the importance of FDI for economic growth and human capital accumulation. Economic theory recognizes FDI and human capital as two important conduits for economic growth. They found that FDI can contribute directly to the growth of an economy by improving knowledge, technical know-how and technology spillovers, by boosting capital stock and by instigating domestic production and consumption. Stijns (2001,2006) in his study, on the role of natural resource abundance on human capital accumulation in various developing and developed countries suggests that FDI can have a lasting effect on countrys per capita income through a higher human capital stock. Sharma, Rajesh Kumar (2006) in his article FDI in higher education: official vision needs corrections, examines the issues and financial compulsions presented on the consultation paper prepared by the commerce ministry. This article raises four issues which need critical attention: the objectives of higher education, its contextual relevance, the prevailing financial situation and the viability of alternatives to FDI. The conclusion of the article is that higher education needs long term objectives and a broad vision in tune with the projected future of the country and the world. Higher education will require an investment of Rs. 20,000 to 25,000 crores over the next five or more years to expand capacity and improve access. For such a huge amount the paper argues, we can look to FDI. Buegelsdijk et al (2008) have highlighted the impact of FDIs on economic growth and found that FDIs have different impacts on human Capital accumulation and education depending on the type of FDIs. Vertical FDIs or efficiency-seeking FDIs look for cost advantages, mostly cheap low qualified labour. On the contrary, it may lead to specialization into low value added products, thus providing the local population little incentive to participate into higher education. Horizontal FDIs or market-seeking FDIs pursue increased market shares in the host countries, competing directly with one another as well as with the local firms. This is generally synonym to technology transfer, thereby contributing to the host countrys technological upgrading and human capital accumulation. Chaudaha, Rahul (2010) has also conducted a study on the primary motives of foreign universities interest in India and their influence on key Indian higher education trends, and stated that foreign universities would concentrate on metro cities and states that have high demand, pricing power, accessibility and employment opportunities for students. This means that they are not going to start campus in regions that actually require quality institutions. Sharma,Brahm (2012) has concluded in his study India a lucratve destination for fdi in higher education that Higher education in todays global environment , is neither charity nor a purely social objective. Higher education is an economic requirement for the country for growth. Government must consider seriously corporatization of higher education so as to allow corporate houses to enter higher education and deliver education of global standards. This will also facilitate several private universities, research houses, large Corporates to consider foreign direct investment in Indias higher education market. PRESENT SCENERIO OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA The system of higher education now existing in India was originally implanted by the British rulers in the mid-19th century to serve the colonial, economic, political and administrative interests, and in particular, to consolidate and maintain their dominance in the country. It was inherited by the state managers after independence (in 1947) as a colonial legacy, and has been expanded phenomenally during the last five decades. Knowledge is the driving force in the rapidly changing globalized economy and society. Quantity and quality of highly specialized human resources determine their competence in the global market. It is now well recognized that the growth of the global economy has increased opportunities for those countries with good levels of education and vice versa. The first Prime Minister of India considered foreign investment as necessary not only to supplement domestic capital but also to secure scientific, technical, and industrial knowledge and capital equipments. As par t of globalization, the economic reform packages were introduced in India in the beginning of 1991. These reform packages have imposed a heavy compression on the public budgets on education sector, and more specifically on higher education. The Indian education system starts at preschool level and goes on till Post doctoral level. It has core sector which consist of schools and higher education. The noncore sector mainly consists of vocational course such in IT/ITES and in other areas as airhostess training, sales management, and other vocational training etc. The growth of higher education providers in terms of Universities and Colleges had been spectacular since independence. There were 20 Universities and 500 Colleges at the time of independence. Now, India is the third largest higher education system in the world (after China the USA) in terms of student enrolment, with 33, 657 number of institutions (634 universities and 33023 colleges). According to 2011 statistics ,India has 43 Central universities, 297 State universities,129 deemed universities, 15 Institutes of National importance and 17 Institutes established and functioning under the State Act; 33023 colleges including 203 Autonomous colleges. Of these there are 67 unaided deemed universities with enrolments of 60,000 students and 7,650 private colleges with enrolment of 3,150,000 students. The gross enrolment ratio (GER) signifies the health of higher education in the country and indicator of the level of participation in higher education. Indias annual enrolments in higher education have grown since independence but the GER (Gross Enrollment Ratio) of 15 % as estimated for 2011 is far below the global average of 26%. After nearly six decades of Independence, higher education is not accessible to the poorest groups of the population. In US and UK, percentage of enrolment in higher education is 82.4 and 60.1 respectively. In India, regardless of recent increment due to private players, current enrolment is merely 12 %. Even South East Asian countries have higher enrolment rate like 31% in Philippines, 27% in Malaysia, 19% in Thailand and 13% in China. To maintain the positive trends and an economic growth rate of 7 percent, Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s higher education gross enrollment ratio (GER) would need to boost from 12 to 20 percent by 2014. The Indian government has set a target of achieving a GER of 30% by 2020.Even with such a huge system in place, higher ed ucation in India is still in a miserable condition. This poses a severe constraint on the supply of qualified manpower. According to United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), public spending on higher education in India has one of the lowest public expenditure on higher education per student at US 406 dollars, which compares adversely with Malaysia (US 11,790 dollars), China (2728 dollars), Brazil (3986 dollars), Indonesia (666 dollars) and the Philippines (625 dollars). This expenditure in the USA is 9629 dollars, in the UK 8502 dollars and in Japan 4830 dollars. India needs to deal with issues of both quantity and quality. In view of this shortage of public spending, parents and students are increasingly looking to private education for a solution. Every year nearly 0.4 million Indians go abroad for higher studies spending approximately $12bn. This leads to not only loss of foreign exchange, but also Brain Drain, as most of these rarely comes back to India subsequent to completing their courses. The primary reason for a large number of students seeking professional education abroad is lack of capacity in Indian Institution. There is no doubt that the state of affairs in public universities in India is not so good. Also, with increasing enrollment in higher education, it is not probable for the government to provide higher education on its own. But, the private institutions are themselves ailing. Many donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸t have experience and many are trying to just grow money without quality. ROLE OF REGULATORY BODIES AND GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES FOR PROVIDING HIGHER EDUCATION Governments of India has taken several bold initiatives and legislation to allow FDI in India. The Foreign Educational Institutions (Regulation of Entry and Operations) Bill, 2010 is such one initiative to regulate the entry and operation of foreign educational Institutions in India which is currently pending with parliamentary standing committee. At present India is allowing 100% FDI in higher education through automatic sector. But, still no university has established a campus here, due to a large no. of guidelines and regulation. Also, many rules are vague. Right now 106 institutions are running programmes in India with collaboration with foreign universities. But, only 2 out of 106 are approved by AICTE (All India Council for Technical Education). Indian government does not allow foreign universities to honor any separate degree. It could only provide dual degree with collaboration with local institutions. Currently, many degrees given by these foreign universities are not even recognized in their own countries. The main governing body at the tertiary level is the University Grants Commission (India), which enforces its standards, advises the government, and helps coordinate between the centre and the state. As of 2009, India had 20 central universities, 215 state universities, 100 deemed universities, 5 institutions established and functioning under the State Act, and 13 institutes which are of national importance. Most of these institutions are public funded. Some of these institutions have been globally applauded. However, India has failed to produce world class universities like Harvard, Stanford, Oxford, Cambridge or the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). If The Foreign Educational Institutional Bill will be passed, it will not only permit foreign universities to set-up campuses and award degrees in India, but simultaneously facilitate Indian government regulation of their operations. The purpose of the bill is to regulate entry, operation and quality of education by the foreign universities. Foreign Education Institutes will have to get a deemed university status by UGC. All Foreign education institutes operating before commencement of the Act (once the Bill is passed) will have to get themselves registered and accredited within 6 months. The programs offered in India have to be comparable to that offered in the country of origin of the Foreign Education Institutes. They will have to maintain a minimum corpus fund of INR 100 million and Foreign Education Institutes may not utilize more than 75% of the income derived for the development of their institution in India and balance 25 % as corpus of fund. FEATURES OF THE FOREIGN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS BILL PROPOSED LEGISLATION FOR FDI No foreign institution can provide degree to Indian student unless such institution is confirmed as Foreign Educational Provider by Indian Government. Have to maintain a fund of at least 500 million rupees. At least twenty years of establishment in its own country. Quality of education, curriculum, method of imparting and the faculty employed will be in accordance to guidelines of UGC. Institution has to publish prospectus writing clearly about fee structure, refund norms and amount, number of seats, condition of eligibility with min and max age, detail of faculty, process of admission, min pay payable to each category of teachers and staff, infrastructure and other facilities, syllabus, rules and regulations, etc. at least sixty day prior to date of commencement of admission. In case of violation of any guidelines a penalty of min 10 million and max 50 million rupees along with tuition fees should be refunded to the student. At max 70% of the income raised from the fund can be utilized in the development of institution in India and rest should be added to the fund. No part could be used in any other purpose other than growth and development of the institution established by it in India. Any foreign institution not confirmed by Indian government as Foreign Education Provider which is awarding any certificate to Indian students should submit a report regarding course to the commission. GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TRADE IN SERVICES (GATS) AND HIGHER EDUCATION: Beyond the establishment of foreign universities, the bill and the government must deal with the relationship between foreign direct investment and education. In 1995, the Indian government signed the WTO treaty the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). The agreement aimed to give the international community access to the Indian services sector by deregulating markets. According to GATS, the private education sector qualifies as a tradable service, and therefore the Indian government is required to remove any barriers to the trade of that service. Several countries are exporting higher education and making huge profits. The United States has shown largest trade surplus in education. The trend of treating education, particularly higher education, as a tradable commodity has affected the economy and education system of many developing countries including India. India has received desires (for opening up of services) from several countries (Australia, Brazil, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, USA) in education services in the new round of service trade negotiations launched in January 2000 (GATS 2000 round), which mostly focus on higher education, adult education, and other education services. All requests to India are for full market access and national treatment commitments. India has not made any proposal in education services in the GATS 2000 round due to sensitive public good nature. There was a general perception that from January 1, 2005, India is obliged under the WTO to open up its higher education sector to foreign providers and to end public subsidies, with adverse consequences for the quality and affordability of higher education. Its worth noting that India did not schedule education services either in the Uruguay Round or in its revised commitments under the ongoing Doha Round. Hence, India has no multilateral obligation under the WTO to open up higher education services to foreign participation. Whatever liberalization has occurred in this area, such as allowing 100% FDI on automatic route and permitting foreign participation through twinning, collaboration, franchising, and subsidiaries, has been autonomously driven. But its unlikely that India will agree to such demands of liberalization in future. The issue then is largely a domestic one. The impact of opening up higher education services is shaped not by the WTO but by domestic factors, including the domestic regulatory framework and the state of the domestic education system in terms of quantity, quality, costs, infrastructure and finances. In this context, evidence suggests that some of the concerns about opening up education services may not be so misplaced. NEED FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF FDI IN HIGHER EDUCATION SECTOR Developing and transition countries are further challenged in a highly competitive world economy, because their higher education systems are not adequately developed for the creation and use of knowledge. If we look at the problem India is facing in expansion of higher education, one may say that FDI are being acceptable just because we dont have sufficient money to spend on this area. But, the problems are others too which FDI will focus. FDI in higher education will resolve the problem of enrollment rate as we are in a situation of less supply high demand. Some new tools and techniques will be used in teaching. Indian money and talent going abroad will come in check. FDI in higher education sector will improve the Infrastructure. It might happen that India may develop one of its own world class universities. An increase in facilities, both in terms of physical magnitude and geographical spread, for inculcation of vocational skills backed by an increase in the general quality of higher education. India needs to fill the technological lag as fast as it can to compete with China. The resulting competition with local universities would also induce us to become internationally competitive through quality improvements brought about by changes in curricula and other responses to an evolving market. Further, FDI in education would generate employment. Allowing FDI in education might lead to export of Indian education abroad in which there are large potentials There will be better scope for research as foreign universities have different methodology to run and generate revenues. India may move towards practical study based learning rather than rote learning. Existing institutions need to be rebranded to overcome their poor image. NEED FOR ADDRESSING POLICY CONSTRAINTS A brief formulation of one set of policies for Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s higher education could include the following components: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Provide public funding only for those higher education activities such as RD that have public goods characteristics and which would not be privately funded to the socially optimal degree. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Eliminate all public support for those higher education activities the result of which has sufficient private returns to envelop the costs. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ensure equality of opportunity and access to higher education in reply to expressed needs and demands of the population. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The range of disciplines must match the range of skills needed and changing opportunities available in a dynamic economy. A competitive market-liberal system must be allowed to operate instead of central planning. INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCES IN RESPECT OF FDI Internationalization of higher education is occurring quickly through the spread of international branch campuses. Most such campuses have been established since the mid-1990s and they are concentrated in the Middle East and Southeast Asia, with growth currently occurring in India, China and Central Asia. U.S. and Australian universities have the largest number of branch campuses, with smaller numbers operated by institutions based in the United Kingdom, Malaysia and Singapore. Most are branches of universities but some are polytechnics or vocational training colleges. Singapores Ngee Ann Polytechnic, for example, is establishing a campus in Shenyang (China), primarily for Chinese students, but also for their Singaporean students to gain international experience. The Malaysian-based University College of Technology Innovation has embarked on an Indian Ocean strategy, with overseas campuses in Colombo (Sri Lanka), Karachi (Pakistan), Panipat (India) and Perth (Australia). Some Indian institutes have also set up campuses abroad, primarily imparting education in Information Technology (NIIT, Aptech). Even developed countries are continuing with reforms in higher education. Despite the fact that the USA has the finest system of higher education in the world, it has set up a commission to ensure that America remains the worlds leader in higher education and innovation. For this purpose, the USA intends to make an investment of US $134 billion in higher education over the next ten years. Faced with deteriorating standards and low accountability in its public sector higher education, UK government has now allowed the universities to compete for students and charge variable fees, bringing an end to the regulated fee regime in the UK. In many developing countries in Asia, (Japan, Philippines and South Korea) and Latin American (Chile, Brazil and the Dominican Republic) private higher education has become the main venue for increasing access to higher education. These c ountries have majority enrolment in private sector. Agarwal (2006) has discussed that two trends in higher education have been observed worldwide: (i) towards transformation from elite to 9mass (or even universal) and (ii) privatization. Countries have responded to these challenges in various ways. Some examples are: KOREA: Korea has one of the highest gross enrolment ratios in higher education in the world with more than 80 per cent of it being in the private sector. In 1995 the Government began loosening controls since the problems from serious regulation were becoming uncontrollable. The government gave small incentive grants to reward act and introduced competition among universities and colleges by making them more autonomous and more competitive. MALAYSIA: Foreign Universities can set up campuses as branches by invitation. Twinning Arrangements with Universities abroad is also possible. Five foreign Universities have set up Branch Campuses, namely Monash, Curtin and Swinburne Universities of Australia, SAE Institute of Australia and University of Nottingham, UK. There are17 public Universities, including 6 university colleges with enrollment of 300,000. In addition, there are 600 private institutions with similar levels of enrollment. Private institutions can be set up by: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Large corporations or organizations closely linked to Government (e.g. Petronas Technology University, Telekom Malaysia etc.) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Large corporations that are public listed companies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Political Parties (e.g. MICs TAFE College Seremban, MCAs Kolej Tunku Abdul Rahman, and UMNOs UNITAR etc.) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Independent Private Colleges à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Local branches of Foreign Universities CHINA: China is creating new universities of different kinds to supply to different needs. The government has confirmed education, science and technology to be the strategic driving forces of sustainable economic growth. It is now working towards loosening of statutory control over their higher education systems. The most recent legislation governing FEPs in China was released in 2003. The legislation governing FEPs in China (2003) contains the following features: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Foreign institutions must partner with Chinese institutions; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Partnerships must not seek profit as their objective; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ No less than half the members of the governing body of the institution must be Chinese citizens; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The post of president or the equivalent must be a Chinese citizen residing in China; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The basic language of instruction should be Chinese; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Tuition fees may not be raised without approval. However, this is not the whole story. There are a number of institutions in China (including NIIT from India), which provide education on commercial terms. Moreover, there is inadequate data on the scale of activity of FEPs in China. There are a total of 72 joint programs that are approved by the Ministry of Education (Garrett, 2004). In addition, there are a number of other non-approved programs or those programs that are approved at other levels of government (Municipal, Provincial or Local Governments). This is made amply clear by the data from the Australian Vice-Chancellors Committee (AVCC) in May 2003, which states that 27 Australian Universities offer 200 current offshore programs in China, 157 (79 percent) of which involve either Australian bachelors or masters programs. It is reasonable to assume that America, United Kingdom and other major source countries are also offering non-approved degree provision on a similar scale. Hence the level of FEPs activity is far in excess o f that reported by the Ministry of Education. It appears that the regime for FEPs is far more liberal and flexible than that indicated above. SINGAPORE: There is no regulation governing FEPs and Singapore has also not offered any

Black Studies Paper :: History

Black Studies Paper African's past can be dated back to millions and millions of years. People from every continent is a descendant of the African origin. This essay will explain African's isolation to the rest of the world and some of the famous contributions and some of Africa's contributions to our world. Researchers have found that African people were the home of the first human beings. They have found fossils and archaeological findings that support thus evidence and by genetic research. These findings date back to 4.4 million years ago in Ethiopia. Actually human beings date back to 40 thousand years, these people were discovered also in Ethiopia. Around 10 thousand BC the Fertile Crescent had a large agricultural lands that produced vegetation, economic wealth, and brought people together. 7000 thousand years later the land became unagricultural and started to look the way it looks today in the Sahara Desert. This divided the continent into 2 parts, the North and the South. This made trade and contact to others extremely difficult. Poor soils due to shortage of water have taken its toll on Africa too. This is because poor soils lead to bad vegetation, which leads to less food, and then there are fewer jobs and less wealth. Fewer good also lead to diseases related to not eating well. Also Africa doesn't connect to any particular place. It has no rivers leading into the seven oceans, so there is not transportation or communication to those in the middle of Africa. This means no imports or exports therefore, any economic wealth. Africa is made of 400 million people throughout 50 countries with 800 different languages, which is probably difficult for communication and understanding of each other's. Leading again to Africa taking power of the world. Europe had labeled Africa as the "Dark Continent" because they didn't know much about it. Even though thousands of years ago their customs and ways of doing things originated from Africa. Africa's contributions to our world date back to about six thousand years in Egypt. It begins with the agricultural revolution which wheat and barley were grown with methods of irrigation, terracing, and crop rotations. Raising and domesticating animals was also a practice. The developing of better tools such ones made of metals like iron and bronze. Hieroglyphics, which are picture painting, were carved into stones to show what was going on. African's contributed the 365-day calendar and are the first people to divide the year into 12 months. Black Studies Paper :: History Black Studies Paper African's past can be dated back to millions and millions of years. People from every continent is a descendant of the African origin. This essay will explain African's isolation to the rest of the world and some of the famous contributions and some of Africa's contributions to our world. Researchers have found that African people were the home of the first human beings. They have found fossils and archaeological findings that support thus evidence and by genetic research. These findings date back to 4.4 million years ago in Ethiopia. Actually human beings date back to 40 thousand years, these people were discovered also in Ethiopia. Around 10 thousand BC the Fertile Crescent had a large agricultural lands that produced vegetation, economic wealth, and brought people together. 7000 thousand years later the land became unagricultural and started to look the way it looks today in the Sahara Desert. This divided the continent into 2 parts, the North and the South. This made trade and contact to others extremely difficult. Poor soils due to shortage of water have taken its toll on Africa too. This is because poor soils lead to bad vegetation, which leads to less food, and then there are fewer jobs and less wealth. Fewer good also lead to diseases related to not eating well. Also Africa doesn't connect to any particular place. It has no rivers leading into the seven oceans, so there is not transportation or communication to those in the middle of Africa. This means no imports or exports therefore, any economic wealth. Africa is made of 400 million people throughout 50 countries with 800 different languages, which is probably difficult for communication and understanding of each other's. Leading again to Africa taking power of the world. Europe had labeled Africa as the "Dark Continent" because they didn't know much about it. Even though thousands of years ago their customs and ways of doing things originated from Africa. Africa's contributions to our world date back to about six thousand years in Egypt. It begins with the agricultural revolution which wheat and barley were grown with methods of irrigation, terracing, and crop rotations. Raising and domesticating animals was also a practice. The developing of better tools such ones made of metals like iron and bronze. Hieroglyphics, which are picture painting, were carved into stones to show what was going on. African's contributed the 365-day calendar and are the first people to divide the year into 12 months.

Education Amendment Essay -- Education

Over the years, the federal government has steadily been increasing its control of public education in the United States. The most notable developments of the last decade include the No Child Left Behind Act off 2001 and the ED Recovery Act, part of President Obama’s comprehensive recovery plan. As of September 30, 2010, $97.4 billion dollars was allocated under the ED Recovery Act (Department of Education). With the significant increase in federal interference, the American public should expect positive results. Instead, schools are faced with the same problems they had before the increase in federal interest and, in addition, even more problems arise. Federal involvement in education wastes billions of dollars every year while creating an education system that exists to promote politics, not education. It is time for the federal government to permanently cease its involvement in education. The federal government has been pouring money into the education system for decades. With the additional support the states have been receiving, student achievement and opportunities should be increasing. Instead, school districts are cutting all but the basic programs and achievement remains stagnant. Federal spending per student has tripled since 1970, even when adjusted for inflation (Coulson), but test scores haven’t changed (McCluskey). The only change that was more than 1% was in science, and those scores indicated a drop in scores, not the expected increase (Coulson). Federal money is going down the drain, and the states seem content to keep it that way because it lifts the burden of improving their own schools. This waste of money should not continue. The fundamental premise behind federal control of education is that every child... ...tion. Now it is weak, but it can again be the best in the world. The federal government must cease to involve itself in the field of education. Only then will American students begin to receive the education they deserve. Works Cited Coulson, Andrew J. â€Å"Has Federal Involvement Improved America’s Schools?†. Cato Institute, 2009. Web. 30 November 2010. Department of Education. â€Å"Recovery Act Highlights†. U.S. Department of Education, no date. Web. 30 November 2010. McCluskey, Neal. â€Å"No Federal Failure Left Behind†. Cato Institute, 2004. Web. 30 November 2010. McCluskey, Neal. â€Å"Why We Fight: How Public Schools Cause Social Conflict†. Policy Analysis No. 587. Cato Institute, 2007. Web. 30 November 2010. Romanowski, Michael H. â€Å"What You Don’t Know Can’t Hurt You: Textbook Omissions and 9/11†. The Clearing House; 82:6 (August 2009). Web. 30 November 2010.

How is Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde typical of a Victorian Gothic Novel? Essay

The term â€Å"gothic† came to be applied to this genre of literature due to the fierce emotional ties and vastly enigmatic themes. Nearly every Gothic novel takes place in a strange, mysterious location, such as Dracula’s castle or the Thornfield manor in Jane Eyre. However at the onset of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, the novel appears to stray from this easily identifiable Gothic tradition. London is chosen as the setting rather than a remote foreign castle. London is portrayed to be â€Å"a fire in a forest† with an atmosphere which had â€Å"an air of invitation. It gives the impression of a warmth and convivial Victorian lifestyle. Conversely on the other hand â€Å"a fire in a forest† could be construed to be dangerous or a threat to your safety. The reader’s first opinion of London is that it embodies a pleasant vibe. However Stevenson incarnates London to fit in with the Gothic tradition. He utilizes a classic Gothic feature of the progression fr om light to dark in London. The first feature of the Gothic technique the novel embodies is the exploitation of progression from light to dark. London at the onset of the book is pleasant and positive. Stevenson uses phrases such as ‘the street shone out’ and ‘like a fire in a forest’ to show the reader its initial appeal and warmth. The fact that the street ‘drove a thriving trade on weekdays’ and that there was an ‘air of invitation’ gives the effect of a welcoming and social lifestyle the Victorian era had. However some aspects of a Gothic setting and typical Victorian Society are unravelling. The neighbourhood is described as ‘dingy’, suggesting London at the time was dark and dreary (mainly due to coal being burned). Dingy is particularly successful in illustrating London’s neglected streets and conditions. When Mr Utterson walked the ’empty’ streets’ on a ‘black winter morning’ the atmosphere being produced is a frightening one. London is now beginning to fit the traditions of Gothic literature. Again another characteristic of Victorian culture is mentioned when Mr Utterson ‘longs for a sight of a policeman’ showing us that London in the era of Queen Victoria a spooky and perhaps dangerous place to live. The ‘lamp lit streets’, a metaphor reveals to us that Victorian England had to be presented as a wealthy and civilised country, when behind the mask it was riddled with problems such as drugs, poverty, and murder. Almost every Gothic novel takes place in a strange, mysterious location, and London in this novel matches the criteria well. Mr. Utterson represents the typical Victorian gentleman. Stevenson characterizes him as having â€Å"a rugged countenance that was never lighted by a smile.† He is â€Å"cold, scanty and embarrassed in discourse,† â€Å"backward in sentiment† â€Å"dusty, dreary and yet somehow lovable†. Utterson’s temperament is the epitome of Victorian norms The central theme revolves around the dual nature of man. The concept of everyone having a dark side: The evil side that everyone shunts away from appearance and the light side: the good side that everyone shows to the rest of the world. The superego or Freud that Dr Jekyll is trying to create ultimately ends in him creating the Id of himself. Stevenson uses the back and front doors to represent the recurring theme of good and evil and the public face and private face. The front door a polished exterior ‘that wore a great air of wealth’ is the one used by every person to enter the house and leads to the dining room- Jekyll s public image. The back door however is ‘blistered’ and ‘distained’ and leads to his laboratory where he releases Hyde. The back door signifies the hidden evil in all of us. Jekyll declares that â€Å"man is not truly one, but truly two†, suggesting his own understanding of the duality. In the nineteenth-century the strict divide between middle/upper class and working class was vast. The British Empire had to show the world that they brought prosperity and civilisation to the countries they invaded so fine living for the rich and morality for upper class was a necessity. Mr Utterson being a prime example of showing his light in public and keeping his dark in private. He is fond of wine but ‘drinks gin when he’s alone, to mortify his taste for vintages’ suggests he doesn’t want others to see his true identity and the fact that he is an alcoholic. Respectability and reputation was very important for upper classes in the Victorian period. Within the story Stevenson associates the environment of the squalid, poor, dirty parts of society with Mr Hyde (looked down on); whereas the homes of the wealthy, upright, high class of society are linked with Dr. Jekyll (respected). Mr Hyde is often seen going into a door, the back door which is situated on a shabby street that leads into a house described as â€Å"a certain sinister block of building†, signifying the poor and immoral people of London. In contrast Dr Jekyll is a well-respected man of excellent social standing- servants and a large house. When he was young, he seemed to be heading for â€Å"an honourable and distinguished future†. He was born â€Å"to a large fortune†, suggesting an upper-class upbringing. Dr Jekyll represents the rich and powerful. Mr Hyde is regularly juxtaposed with evil. For instance when Hyde ‘calmly tramples a girl’, Enfield describes it as ‘hellish to see’, suggesting the inhuman nature of Hyde. Hyde is also hazily described as ‘oddly deformed’, ‘detestable’, and a ‘juggernaut’. Most people simply decide that he appears ugly and deformed in some indescribable way; â€Å"impression of deformity without nameable malformation†. Mr. Hyde isn’t an approachable person, for example when Mr Utterson met him for the first time he â€Å"shrank back with a hissing intake of the breath†; the Onomatopoeia gives Mr Hyde an animal like trait. He is beyond words like he is beyond this world. People cannot give a reason why they dislike Hyde, it’s like they can feel the evil within him. During the progression of the novel Stevenson exposes the use of pathetic fallacy to interpret the mood of characters and events that have occurred. The weather is used in great effect to reflect per sanity. The fog itself like ‘dark brown umber’ is effective to show loneliness and the ever imposing presence of evil within Jekyll. The ‘dreary’ and ‘gloomy’ streets portray death (murder of Carew) and fear (Hyde’s existence in London) of what will happen next. Also I think the wind is used in great effect to make the setting seem like it is full of violence and menace. The changes in weather heighten tension and anxiety. For instance a dark and evil atmosphere is created in the scene when Pool and Utterson ready themselves to break in to Dr Jekyll’s lavatory because the wind causes the clouds to cover the moon. Stevenson uses the weather to reflect an evil environment and what the characters are feeling. The evil side of Jekyll not only grows physically but grows inside of him. All this like an allegory for opium addiction which was a real problem in Victorian times. Jekyll becomes increasingly addicted to his â€Å"id† and Hyde becomes stronger throughout because of it. Dr Jekyll overstepped the mark just like Victor Frakenstein goes too far in creating a monster. Man is not meant to have the â€Å"spark of being† or the â€Å"instruments of life†. God is the only creator and destroyer. Dr Jekyll and Victor Frankenstein both strayed into the territory of God†¦. and both were punished. Stevenson wanted to point out to everyone the hypocrisy of the Victorian society. He satirises the split personality of Victorian society. The gulf between the rich and poor and how Victorians hid the dark underbelly that the outside world could not see. He wanted to emphasize the fact that there is good and bad in everyone and used many symbols to stress the point.

Domains Of Culture Essay

1. When you think about the origins of Religion and Spirituality in American culture, a lot of different ideas, stories or parables come to mind. But one question is hardly ever asked or even thought of. Does American culture have a religion? More to the point, is there a religion that can solely be sourced to origins on American soil? The answer is yes. Both Mormonism and Scientology have roots deeply planted in American culture. However, around 25,000 Americans practice Scientology and an estimated 6.1 Million Americans practice Mormonism. That makes up 1.8% of Americans, in addition to that most Americans don’t recognize Scientology as a real religion and Mormonism falls under the Christianity branch of belief. So what ideas are truly native the country. I believe you must add Native American Spirituality to this argument as a source of religion truly sourced and founded in America as it is still practiced by a vast majority of living Native Americans. But in order to get t o that we must first talk about the origins of Christianity as it stands with Americans today. 2. As it is true that Christianity is the most prevalent religion in America, It is also true that Christianity was brought to this soil with the first settlers. In England you had two choices for worship, The Roman Catholic Church and The Church of England. Both Christian churches, and theses settlers knew nothing but that so it comes to no surprise that those are the two major influences on American religion and spirituality. It should also be noted that those settlers wanted to distance themselves from England’s brand of religion so badly that the First Amendment of the Constitution explicitly lays out the separation of Church and State1. Christianity then splintered off into the various denominations that we have today, yet all of those styles still have the same foundation that can be traced back to Rome or England. Native Americans on the other hand don’t have those same beliefs. While Christianity focuses on a One true Higher Power, Native Americans look more to selection of Spiritual figures known as Deities. 3. Native American culture focuses more on the Earth, Weather, Sky and Sprits who manifest physical form as Deities. Depending on the culture these beings can be attributed to almost everything that is possible or could be possible. In most Native American Cultures there is  always one deity that creates man but, they are not always benevolent. The Abenaki and the Algonquian tribes believe that life was created out wood, stone and other earthly elements by Tabaldak so that the earth could be full. If you follow the Navajo the Earth itself was created by AsdzÄ…Ì Ã„…Ì  Nà ¡dleehà ©, she was also responsible for the stars and sky2. So who is right and who is wrong? No one can say. Most of these deities are created in myths and stories passed down from generation to generation. But the message is the same across the tribes, Give thanks for what we have for it is not always promised. Now that we have an idea as how Native American Culture sees religion, let’s see if matches up with how American Culture sees it. 4. In Conclusion, we have seen how the most prevalent form of spirituality in American in not was actually brought in from England. That religion lays out the idea of a Supreme God who commands from Heaven and is omnipotent. While the Native American Culture has its religious and spiritual roots found on American soil. They champion multiple deities who are responsible everything from creation to the basic things like food and water. The one thing they both have in common is you are expected to be a good wholesome person or you will be judged for you actions. In the afterlife for the Christians or when you just so happen to come across whatever deity you have offended with the Native American Culture. So no matter what you happen to believe in remember to be a good person and be ready to be responsible for your actions. 1 United States History website, http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h3787.html 2 Wheelwright, Mary C. (2008) [1942]. Navajo Creation Myth: The Story of the Emergence. Forgotten Books. p.17

Political Science 3991 A1 (2) Institutional Role of the State to Make Essay

Political Science 3991 A1 (2) Institutional Role of the State to Make Trade Possible - Essay Example The government of United States played a significant role in the growth of infrastructure as well as technology. The nation undertakes various regulatory as well as social functions for the development of the economy. The state has an important role to play in the market The US government plays a vital role for ensuring the development of its economy. The state ensures that there is a free flow of credit for the development of the groups which are not effectively served. It also undertakes steps to provide an amount of credit for the development of small entrepreneurs and imports as well as exports services. The government or the overall nation has also been involved with the tasks of developing the infrastructure as well as technology for the progress of the economy. The revenue collected by the government is transferred among the income classes by the tax system as well as outlays. The government generally pursues a vertical redistribution of income which assists the elder people t hrough the social security programs. The US government influences the economy through its tax collection systems such as charging more taxes on products which are identified to be obsolete. It controls numerous economic activities for the progress of the economy of the country. The nation has played a significant part in the development of economy as along with providing social services. ... he state formulate plans as well as undertake steps for the development of economy which will help in enhancing the trade in the global market (Labonte, 2010). The institutional role of the state to make trade possible The US government has undertaken various plans as well as actions for the improvement of economy of the country. The state has adopted various steps for ensuring free flow of financial supports for the improvement of the society as well as overall economy. The government has played a vital part towards developing its economy by providing financial support for enhancing exports as well as imports. It made attempts towards the development of small business entrepreneurs for enhancing trade as well as market. The trade practices of the state should be fair as well as efficient for its enhancement at the international level. The government regulates the financial sectors for free flow of credit for the purpose of providing assistance to the under developed sectors for impr oving the economic conditions as well as trade (Stiglitz, 2006). The trade of goods as well as services in between the countries entails numerous costs. Transaction cost is identified to be one such cost and is considered to be a direct cost which is believed to be associated with trade. It is a cost which is charged on the profit earned for the trade of goods as well as services. The transaction cost is classified into three stages of which the first stage is supposed to be contact and signifies that the buyer looks for information about the product of the supplier with the intention to trade. Traders in this stage carry on with exploration of information in relation to the trade that is planned to be performed. In the similar context, transaction cost is believed to be associated with the

The major challenges for China; Why the past successful export-led Essay

The major challenges for China; Why the past successful export-led growth model cannot continue; How the Chinese economy should be further reformed - Essay Example Despite all these down turns, there is hope for the resurgence of this economy; the Chinese government has re-embarked on strategic plans that would enable resurrection of its previously steadily growing economy. A country with settled political situations, democracy and that is well equipped in terms of technology has all the privileges to kick start the road to an impressive economy. The Chinese economy has been one of the most consistent and swiftly growing with a sustainability growth rate of 10% (Naughton, 2007). China has portrayed a dynamic and unrivaled density; however, it is still transforming from two transitions as first, it â€Å"is still completing its transition away from bureaucratic socialism and toward a market economy† (Naughton, 2007, p. 4). Naughton further explains the second transformation with which China is transforming, which is the fact that â€Å"China is in the middle of the industrialization process, the protracted transformation from a rural to an urban society† (2007, p. 4). These two transitions are still far from completion and therefore China still has challenges. The Chinese economy can now be compared to those of developing nations. While this economic similarity exists, so do the challenges. One of the crucial challenges that have been faced recently due to the transition is the shift from the socialist type economy to the market based economy. This challenge was however fixed but again, it led to the rise of another challenge related to development. According to Naughton, these challenges are â€Å"the need to invest in human skills and physical infrastructure, the need to create effective institutions, and the need to protect underprivileged and vulnerable sections of the population† (2007, p. 5). Although there are many positives related to the growth such as improved living standards, many Chinese have fallen in the hands of uncertainties marred with risks. Majority

Happy Trails Management Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Happy Trails Management - Article Example The foremost reason for this is that Happy Trails is a 'for profit organization' which means that it is expected to be able to fund once in a month collective bargaining agreements or meetings. The need for such meetings would not arise so often as once in a month unless some urgent matters are at hand. Secondly, the implication that salary increases will suffer might be taken as an underlying threat to LPN's for unionizing. Moreover, a third implication can be, lets say the LPN's do not unionize due to this very reason, will happy Trails fulfill their implied promise of raising salaries for not unionizing or on half yearly or yearly basis' Considering this it seems it would be a temporary solution to keep the union at bay, but it would emerge any time. It is a better strategy to let them form an association and deal with them by collective bargaining. The threat element in this strategy makes it a bad move. This would be one of the best counter union strategies to discuss the benefits of being employees of Happy Trails as objectively as possible. However, the dialogue should remain strictly objective and should not seem as if the management is threatened by the LPN's decision to unionize and wants them to back out. It should be an objective statement of what is already being provided to them by the management and what they can further expect in future. Under the NRLA, the employer can not promise benefits to the employees to discourage them from forming unions. This strategy has to be practiced very tactfully and with care. 4. Threaten to close the facility due to the Union Campaign I would strictly advise Happy Trails' management against any such moves. The "threat" element in any outgoing communication from the management side is enough to provide opportunity for activists to raise charges against the organization. The employees are protected under the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959(Landrum Griffin Act) Title VI and have the right to form unions and to raise issues like labor relations practices. Title VI provides the authority to investigate the disciplining, sanctions, penalties or threats on part of employers to the union members. 5. Assist in the circulation of anti union petitions. In the immediate future this would not be a prudent move since it would serve the purpose of bringing the LPN's together and would provide a cause to fight in future. However, in the longer run, the management could maybe patronize another union within the organization which would serve as a competitive force to the LPN's union. 6.Counter Union Exaggerated claims on flyers This would be perceived as an anti-union move and Happy Trails can face litigation under NRLA. Flyers would provide written proof against Happy Trails and their anti union moves. 7. Tell employees that they do not need to talk to union organizers, they can vote against the union, and the organization does not welcome the Union. Happy Trails can not follow any of these strategies since the unions are protected by NLRA. 8. Solicit employees to request the return of their authorization cards Under the NRLA, employers can not "Question employees about their union sympathies or activities in circumstances that tend to interfere with, restrain or coerce employees in the exercise of their rights under the