How Computer Revolution Affected The Corporate World Information Technology Essay

How Computer Revolution Affected The Corporate World Information Technology Essay The rapid growth of technology has affected the world and since the revolution of computer it has bought changes to the corporate world as it has made it more convenient and easy for the employees to work on and made them more dependent on the computers because due to the rapid growth more and more organizations are adapting the technology, This paper investigate the for and against the use of computers in corporate world. The main reason of this paper is that it will include how it affects the organizations and the employees and also about its advantages and disadvantages and analysis the reasons how it has become so popular and a need in life of the corporate world, stating how it affect the companies and how helpful it is to the business world and aware the end-users about the cons and pros of it even the privacy issues of the company and they could convert their paper records to digital records which is much more convenient and easy to use for the employees to enter the data and search for it with the keyword, whether is it safe for the organizations and also the up gradation of the computers and how the history of computers. The conclusions would be how it has affected the organization and whether or not it is safe and useful for the companies to adapt it and also the paper will also suggest the issues the company will face and solutions for it. This paper will focus the use of new technologies and the impact of it in the workplace. Specifically, I would be focusing on information technology, its implementation, its drawbacks, and its future. Introduction: Since the computers are the most effective and easy way for people to work it is getting used everywhere homes, organizations, hospitals, businesses, etc. Day by day the computer technology is increasing and getting improved on how to make it more easy and convenient for the people to work on it and get the most out its advantage. Also the rapid technological growth around the globe is increasing and computers are becoming a necessity for everyone, even the business organization need to keep up with the generation and the technology, and they need to adapt the use of it, and how it helps the organization in their daily work and their employees, what are the advantages and disadvantages of it, how it affect the working manner of the company, also how technology affect the corporate world and the business world, since the nanotechnology is taking over. The Corporate world is big and they need to keep records of their clients or their bills which is not easy keeping it as manually also it is very time consuming, which is why computer helps them because computers are much faster and efficient. The People have become more dependent on the technology and the now working without a computer or doing the work is with a pen or paper is called Old fashion way , that how it is described nowadays, the computers has made the people lazy, and how the computers has affected the companies relation with their international firms and their clients all around the world and providing them with their services. Computers plays an important role in our daily lives which help us to do our work more effectively and less time and in corporate world it plays an important role because due to the technology Ethics plays an important role in it too because the company should be able to convince their new clients about how their business is going and what are their policy of work. 1. Presentation of the issue 1.1 How computers affected the world. The computer has changed the world in many different ways and in all areas for example E-mail instead of post offices, it has helped the corporates in many different ways, in education all the work can be done on it, etc. there are so many places the computer has affected the world and the people the computer has advantages and disadvantages, the computer is now being used all around the world and it is getting wider and wider due to new technology growth now you can also order your food online for example in India you can order Mc Donalds and Dominos. The computer is now a necessity in the world due to technological development nowadays the computers have been so much advanced that now in some places they are being replaced with robots. Every week there is a new invention in the computer world because people are coming up with their innovations and their ideas, the people around the world can communicate with their friends and family, etc. 1.2 How computer has affect the workplace. The computer has made the peoples work more easily and time saving the computer has affected the workplace in many difference places like call reception nowadays nearly every business has a computerized phone- system for answering incoming calls. Emails have been so popular since it has been introduced in the past decade and in some organization, its the verified as method of communication. Archiving is an important part in a organization because it is the filing and recording of documents that can now be used with computers and scanners. Instead of writing it on a paper or punching and stapling it then filing it in a cabinet in row-upon-row of space-hogging instead of all that effort it can now be recorded with the help of scanner and saved into a central computer or server for future reference. The computer has affected the businesses and firms now they can save time and money due to computers as they can make video conferencing so that they dont have to travel and waste time for i t. The I.T background of the Issue. First Computer ever made The computer was first created by IBM in 1946 which was named Mark 1 which was used to perform artillery firing calculations then The first personal computer was the Altair 8800, which briefly appeared on the scene in 1975. Two years later, the Apple II  was introduced this machine made it a revolution to the world but later on   In 1981, IBM introduced their PC, keeping in mind of their previously focused, their efforts on manufacturing mainframe business computers. Incorporating the Intel microprocessor, the IBM PC set their standard of quality of the computer world which was then used in top organizations as in that period of time computers where expensive and some of the organizations couldnt afford a computer. The computer revolution affected the corporate world in da 19th century as it was affordable for the people and it was easy and user friendly it was more convenient to with the company so that they could make records and make the use of it by the 20th century the use of computer has rapid growth in it and it has become less expensive and almost most of the organizations can afford it now and can use it, it is more easy to work it and people have become more dependent on it as it is lot more convenient for the employees to work and it also time saving the organizations can save money with it and can make more profit as they can held video conferences from their firms and working place instead of travelling and also can be in touch with the other organizations through e-mail instead of post offices which takes a lot of time the advantage of an email is that you can receive it anywhere and can read it anywhere even if youre not home, this is how the computer revolution affected the corp orate world 2.2 Business in Technology 1To make the decision to pursue a virtual world  solution creates some challenges related to management, instructional designers, IT staff, and the developers of virtual worlds themselves. 2The benefits of virtual worlds are well documented in articles in trade magazines, blogs, and vendor sites. The purpose is not to duplicate the documentation. Instead, of presenting a number of management considerations that bear on the business value and potential return on enterprise adoption of virtual worlds as a venue for learning. Every new technical medium runs into common obstacles as well as unique barriers to its adoption. But attitudes change when it is proved that the value or competitive advantage is achieved. The value of virtual-world technology will evolve as business models continue to become more intensely collaborative internally, externally, and globally 3. The impact of the Issue. 3.1 Introduction of the issue 3Since the new technology has been in demand and injected in workplaces at an exponentially increasing rate over the last few decades. Most of the Organizations think that new technology is the mean to increase the organizations/firms profit margins and to stay competitive in the rapidly evolving marketplace, and new technologies have become available to facilitate to use and dissemination. This has been led to an ever expanding and evolving field of IT developments in Information technology has evolved to an increasingly mobile workforce were theres no longer deskwork in order to stay in the information loop. We can take our office with us wherever we go. Cellular phones allow us to be to be in touch/contact with the company or workplace or anywhere. Blackberries and Ultra-mobile PCs permit has advanced in technology that it can let us access e-mail and other data products at a wide range of locations. The innovation of new technologies has given businesses to access and have faster communication; it has also increased efficiencies, and the freedom and ability to work away from the office. Rapid increasing in technology has opened doors of opportunities for organizations/firms and employees willing to explore non-traditional work arrangements. Due to modern working system depends a lot upon computers and modern technology in all sorts of areas as everyone throughout the world has come to know. It was not long ago that people were Complaining about computers or machines taking over the workforce over from humans and performing not only the jobs but even better quality.  [4]  The growths of new technologies are being used in businesses and it is showing no sign of decreasing and slowing down. Some examples of technology currently in development for commercial use are wearable computing, cities and region-wide Wi-Fi(wireless internet), and nanotechnology. Microsoft and IBM are working on a collaboration technology that will allow virtual meetings where employees will be able to teleconference on their computer screens, while creating or changing documents and product designs using a virtual whiteboard. These technologies and many other more, including all the new technology to come advances, and it will continue to contribute to an increasingly more effective and easier mobile workforce. 3.2 Advantages and disadvantages of technology in businesses. 5Technology is an integral part of all businesses today. In fact, it would be difficult to imagine a business with no technological connections. Here are some of the ways that technology impacts communication in business   Ã‚  [6]  Phone systems and email are integral and important for communication with clients, customers, and even fellow employees. Remember before when, you had to get up and walk across the hall to tell a co-worker something? Today, everyone in business has a computer and you email the person across the hall. I think the positive impact on business is that this is much quicker form of communication. After all, if you see the person face-to-face you just might talk about something rather talking about business in the email.   On the negative side, the impact of substituting technological communication for in-person communication does make us less interactive and social and tend to isolate us and it has made us busy and lazy. 7The Internet is no doubt an  effective and less time consuming technological development for business communication. Marketing efforts in particular that has been affected by the advances of the internet. Businesses are communicating more effectively with a wider audience, thus increasing their chances to reach customers beyond their local paper and to make their brand known to a bigger audience and also the most popular Google it is one of the top most search engine you get everything on it for example if a firm wants details on their competitors they will get all the required information it. 8Technology has changed the dynamics of how the business is conducted and has also affected the ways people communicate with one another. This is especially true since the Internet has been integrated into the workplace. 9The ability to link information systems has moved the business environment to the global environment. This capability is very powerful and most businesses have figured out how to harness this power and use it to gain a competitive advantage. As a result some issues have arisen that businesses must pay close attention to. The integration of technology into business has impacted areas such as diversity, ethics and organizational structure. Here are some ways these three areas have been affected by technology: 10*Diversity Technology that has developed such as e-mail, instant messaging, and online conferencing have increased in use and this affects the way people interact with one another. Todays professionals often communicate globally and far outside their local borders; this is all possible thanks to technology. The global atmosphere is now presented with new business opportunities, such as outsourcing, making international business deals, exposing themselves to a larger customer base and employees do not even necessarily need to live in the same country as their bosses! 11Ethics Ethics is another primary area that has been impacted by technology. As more and more technology is assimilated into workplaces, new ethical challenges have emerged that both employers and employees must face. Business processes are primarily connected to information systems and various other forms of technology, and people using automation must act responsibly with the data they transmit as part of their daily tasks. 3.2.2 Summary of the problem 12Businesses are increasingly inventing and implementing new ways to use technology to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of their communication. The caution for this topic is that businesses need to  [13]  be sure to analyze the time saved with the implementation of each new technology and the customers, clients reached in order to ensure that the technology is truly beneficial to the business. If there is a power failure or the server is down or any problem the employees wont be able to work because they are dependent on the technology and computers they cant work without it. 4. Solutions to the problem arising from the issue. 4.1 The solution for the problem. The problems which are arising due to the issues concerning is that the company should monitor the employees and to check the server log regularly, the technology has both sides good side and a bad side the good thing about is that the business and work is done more quicker with the help of the computer the solution, surveillance should be there on the employees to see what there working on. The company should have code of conduct in the firm/organization. There should be Training for the employees in which they can learn and benefit the company, they should have a policy that there should also work manually without the use of technology. 4.2 Opinion from the public and organizations. Publics Opinion: The banks should do some of the work manually which can be done without the using of technology, because some of the important work gets hold and the organizations give the excuse that the server is down or the server is not working. One the banks started a new service to help the environment and to save paper by sending as E-statement instead of paper statement which we receive every month through postal. Organizations opinion: Technology has helped us in so many different areas like communication between other firms and organization local and globally, instead of visiting them and waste time and money in travelling one place to another and we have our 24/7 online internet service which is for the public to access and for customer care help. Were facing more competition since there is Tele-marketing and e-commerce since it is more easy and convenient but there are more chances to be successful in it, if you know what the requirements and how to set up youre work. 5. Conclusion and unanswered questions arising from this investigation 5.1 Conclusion After doing the research and meeting up with the organization heads the conclusion is that the use of computers has affected the corporate world and also they are issues to but everything cannot be perfect, the majority is that it has made the corporate world more conveniently easy and efficient for the employees and customers so that they dont need to make too much effort and they can do most of their from there homes. In the corporate world there is a lot of data recording work so the computers help them update it and it is easier to find a customers record and save time instead of writing it manually and filing it. The companies also use computers for video conferencing with different firms or their other branches or headquarter in other countries; they say it saves money and travelling time, so the process of the work can be fast and satisfy their customers, computers has made over work more convenient and easy. As I said before that everything is not perfect there are also complaints that if the server is down or if theres a power failure etc. then the company functioning gets upset or the employees wont be able to do their work, so the company should have to train the employees to work without computer or have a backup if any of this issues happens. Computers play important role in the corporate world in their daily work and computers are important in every organization. 5.2 unanswered questions arising from this investigation Since the use of computer is a necessity, usually people are confused that are computer useful or does it affects the company in a good way, or a bad way, for example the company has to spend money in order to buy computers so it should affect the companies working manner one more expense the company faces is the surveillance of the employees which the company should hire trust worthy and hardworking employees. The corporate world using computers is very effective way and really easy which will help them to achieve more and will help them in keeping records and to satisfy their clients which the way they will provide these services and help and get to know their needs and want by staying in touch with them through emails which will benefit them in different ways. The Public also should understand that the bank sometimes dont make fake excuses which is bound to be true, rarely the server gets down due to some technical issues, maybe the bank should also make them understand that, maybe sometimes some employees do say just because they dont want to work or their tired, but this usually doesnt happen all the time. Then there is is the Computer safe for personal financial records in my opinion it is unless it has a secure connection and also it should have a strong firewall or the bit of the encrypted data. It also answers the ethical issues of related to the problem is that the company should be able to convince their clients and there policy should be transparent that when the clients join the company they should be convinced There is no doubt that the computer has been a necessity but it should be used with ethics which will benefit the employee and the business which will not create issues, the reason computers has affected the corporate world is that it has made the business and the organization to work more effectively and less time consuming and more user friendly which will help the employees work more easy and more qualitative work which will benefit the business and help them to motivate and it is also to help to maintain the companies billing and clients records, which is easier and also the company should have a back of it and it should be confidential. This area of subject is wide and there are so many way in which the computer has affected the corporate world which has benefited the corporates. Computer has helped in communication part too like emails, tele-conferencing, etc. 6. Bibliography 6.1 Books Gift of Fire 6.2 Articles IT/Computers in Business/Employment. 6.3 Online Resources Bibliography [Online]  // Learning Solutions mag.   http://www.learningsolutionsmag.com/articles/11/virtual-worlds-barriers-to-their-business-value-and-operability. Belcher Lou How technology impacts communication in businesses [Online]  // Helium.   http://www.helium.com/items/1678110-how-technology-impacts-communication-in-business. computer revolution [Online]  // http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer. Goessl Leigh How technology has affected businesses [Online]  // Helium.   8 Sunday, 2010.   http://www.helium.com/items/1696597-how-technology-has-affected-businesses. Leveckisr Algis Virtual Worlds Barriers to their business value and operability [Online]  // Learning solutions mag .   Septembe 14, 2009.   http://www.learningsolutionsmag.com/articles/11/virtual-worlds-barriers-to-their-business-value-and-operability. Sullivan Mark G. Technology in communication [Online]  // Helium.   May 7, 2009.   . Todd Jason What is the impact of new technology [Online]  // helium.   4 5, 2009.   .

Plot Summary of A Midsummer Nights Dream :: A Midsummer Nights Dream, William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream is a romantic play about love-struck relationships that deal with lust, jealousy, and revenge. Key characters are Theseus, Hippolyta, Lysander, Hermia, Egeus, Demetrius, Helena, Oberon, Titantia, Puck, and Nick Bottom. Theseus is the king of Athens, who is engaged with his fiancà ©, Hippolyta, the queen of Amazon. Lysander is an Athenian man who is in love with Hermia, the daughter of Egeus. Hermia is also in love with Lysander. Demetrius is an Athenian man who also loves Hermia, and wishes to wed with her. Helena is Demetrius’s old lover, and a close friend of Hermia. Oberon is the king of fairies, and Titantia is the queen of fairies. Puck, or Robin Goodfellow, is a fairy who makes love potions for Oberon. Lastly, Nick Bottom is a weaver whose head is turned into an ass for his ridiculous mistakes and foolishness. The setting takes place in Athens and in the forest. The time period is approximately around ancient Greece. There are three conflicts throughout the play, which are: the dilemma between Lysander and Demetrius both falling in love with Hermia, Helena’s plan to regain the relationship with Demetrius, and the decision of whether the Indian prince should be knighted or not. Lysander and Hermia wishes to wed together but Egeus wants her to wed with Demetrius. They both eloped to the forest, in order to get married at Lysander’s aunt’s house. Helena is, however, still in love with Demetrius. Demetrius cruelly left her for Hermia. For revenge, Helena overheard the news of elopement and told Demetrius, who follows her to the forest to hunt for Lysander and Hermia. The problem of Indian prince is that Oberon wishes to have him knighted, but Titantia is against it. Key events are: when Oberon sees the trouble between the love-triangle of Lysander, Hermia, Helena, and Demetrius, he decided to help. Oberon sends Puck to make love potions and powders on Demetrius’s eyelids, so he can fall in love with the first person he sees, supposedly Helena. However, Puck mistaken Lysander for Demetrius, and instead puts on Lysander. As a result, both Lysander and Demetrius are in love with Helena. Oberon also demanded revenge for Titantia, and makes Puck use his love potion on Titantia.

gatwomen gatmyrtle Great Gatsby Essays: Similarities of Gatsby and Myrtle :: Great Gatsby Essays

Same Goal, Different Route in The Great Gatsby A more thorough investigation of The Great Gatsby is necessary to uncover a well-disguised theme by Fitzgerald in this work. Upon a simple read through one would probably not notice the great similarities of Jay Gatsby and Myrtle Wilson, but the two characters seemed to have the same agenda for their lives. While Gatsby took the route of acquiring money at all costs to join the upper class of society and to be acceptable in the eyes of a woman, Myrtle chose to make her way up in society at the cost of her marriage by attaching herself to money. The underlying question is who had the most success. As a young man, Jay Gatsby was poor with nothing but his love for Daisy. He had attempted to woe her, but a stronger attraction to money led her to marry another man. This did not stop Gatsby’s goal of winning this woman for himself though, and he decided to improve his life anyway he could until he could measure up to Daisy’s standards. He eventually gained connections in what would seem to be the wrong places, but these gave him the opportunity he needed to "get rich quick." Gatsby’s enormous desire for Daisy controlled his life to the point that he did not even question the immorality of the dealings that he involved himself in to acquire wealth. Eventually though, he was able to afford a "castle" in a location where he could pursue Daisy effectively. His life ambition had successfully moved him to the top of the "new money" class of society, but he lacked the education of how to promote his wealth properly. Despite the way that Gatsby flaunted his money, he did catch Daisy’s attention. A chaotic affair followed for a while until Daisy was overcome by pressures from Gatsby to leave her husband and by the realization that she belonged to "old money" and a more proper society. Myrtle eventually had similar goals as Gatsby, but her life did not begin the same way. She was of the lower class of society and married a simple man. The two pursued a poor life, but Myrtle’s husband George was a decent man. Nevertheless, Myrtle became unsatisfied, and when the opportunity arose to better the quality of her life, she took it. Daisy’s husband Tom, an unfaithful, rough man not very committed to his marriage, began an affair with Myrtle.

Essay example --

Ever since I was a child, I have been fascinated by science and have had a great enthusiasm for learning. â€Å"You understand something completely when you see it† – this is how I grew up with the passion for machines. I perused a course in Sandwich Mechanical program at PSG College of Technology, which is rated by the All India Council for Technical Education as the best industry linked college for Mechanical Engineering in India .The specialty of this course is that it integrates course work and industrial training which has given me ample hands on work. The curriculum was diverse and it provided me an opportunity to explore various avenues in the domain. Through the course of my college life, I have worked in several areas to realize nexus between engineering and statistics. In my third year when I took a course titled â€Å"Statistics and Quality Control†, I found myself being drawn very much towards the realm of numbers and their diversified applications. This interest drove me to an extent that I completed an online edX course in â€Å"Introduction to Statistics: Descriptive Statistics†, a course of study offered by BerkeleyX. Manufacturing continues to have become a commodity within the value chain and now the fact is indisputable. After some research and discussion with my Professors, I concluded that, higher the rate of manufacturing commoditization, greater the focus on optimization, which drives down product costs. Hence, I decided that Lean manufacturing would be the area where I want to work on. To understand the real life application of concepts, I attended a two week training programme at Larsen &Toubro, Pune. I worked with the design and manufacturing department responsible for developing modular bridges for army purposes. It wa... ...ply chain, lean manufacturing by itself is not enough for success and needs to be complimented with Six Sigma to address the causes of variability. The detailed study of Operations Research, Lean Manufacturing, Manufacturing Systems Design and Supply chain management has helped me visualize the scenario better. Leaner the system, the more susceptible it is to exceptions. I would like to work as a corporate leader in future, specializing in product development and management. . My immediate goal is to equip myself with the knowledge and the necessary skill required for an entrepreneur or smart manufacturing process. My long term career plan is to head a group of managers and directors who are as motivated and passionate as I, in an entrepreneurial setting, and to work on technologies and businesses that radically change the life of millions of people around the globe.

Ethics †Morality Essay

Ethical relativism is a view on morality stating that there are no universally accepted moral principles. Morality varies from one culture to another and no society has the right to impose their view of morality on other societies. Ethical relativism can be summed up to mean that morals are derived from what is culturally acceptable in any given society. ER is made up of two theses. The first is the diversity thesis, which simply says that moral practices are diverse across cultures. Ruth Benedict defends this theory by using homosexuality as an example. She explains how homosexuality was accepted and even encouraged in many cultures throughout history, like ancient Greece, but denounced in others. More evidence for the diversity thesis can be found in burial practices. Ancient Greeks honored their dead by burning the bodies. Similarly, Callatians showed respect to their dead by eating the bodies. However, both cultures were extremely offended when asked how much money would be required to institute the burial practices of the other. These examples clearly illustrate the vast differences in morality from culture to culture. ER’s second thesis is called the dependency thesis. It states that there is no objective standard by which to judge morality. Westermark defends this theory by saying that ethics is a learned set of behaviors instilled in every human at a young age by his or her surroundings. As a young person, we pick up on â€Å"right† and â€Å"wrong† by learning from those around us what is culturally acceptable. The ultimate source of morality, according to Westermark, is sympathy. This â€Å"gut feeling† of right and wrong is the only scale of morality each person has. Pojman has found many discrepancies in the theory of ethical relativism. Since ER says that no cultures view of morality can be criticized, we ought to be tolerant of all cultures. The problem is that tolerance would then be a universal moral principle, which ER says doesn’t exist. In fact it would be just as acceptable for a culture to be intolerant since morality is relative. Thus ER is logically inconsistent. This inconsistency makes ER inapplicable to solving conflicts between cultures, since each can be viewed as being morally right in any action by their own definition. Pojman also explains how any social reformers, like Martin Luther King Jr. , would inherently be wrong by going against the societal majority (i. e. those that determine morals). ER also implies that mass opinion is infallible, thus making a brutal dictator such as Hitler morally justified. The challenge of the ring is a hypothetical question posed to Socrates by Glaucon in the 5th century BC. Glaucon introduces a mythical ring that turns its wearer invisible. Glaucon says that every person, even the seemingly most moral, would use the ring to his or her advantage even at the detriment of others. His argument is based on the fact that the only reason people don’t live fully unjust lives now is fear of repercussions. Under the stipulation that one can never be caught, the fear vanishes one becomes immoral. Socrates responds by asking if injustice really does pay. His point is that by one’s own definition of success, one may or may not use the ring. For example if success is defined by a man as being scrupulous, he wouldn’t use the ring because ultimately it doesn’t lead to happiness for him. In contrast, the man who defines success by wealth would use the ring. Socrates says that to do injustice is to scar ones â€Å"soul,† which is equivalent to the modern word â€Å"character. † Both sides of the ring argument have merit. For the majority of the population I believe Glaucon is right, they would use the ring. However, some define happiness differently, and for them the ring is of no use. Friedman’s argument on corporate social responsibility is that it doesn’t exist. According to Friedman, a corporation’s only goal is to increase profits infinitely while staying within the realm of the law. He states that a corporate executive is merely an employee of the shareholders and his or her job is solely to increase return to the shareholders. If an executive were to be â€Å"socially responsible† and donate money to a charity, it’s an unauthorized distribution of shareholder funds. Thus being socially responsible is simultaneously being morally irresponsible. The burden of social responsibility should be placed on individual consumers. If they don’t like the policies and practices of a certain company they have the option to not buy the product or not invest in the company. The divine command theory makes a single differentiation between right and wrong. Simply, according to DCT, morally right means commanded by God and morally wrong means forbidden by God. This theory is highly criticized and many philosophers would say it has been refuted for thousands of years. The main criticism comes from Socrates and Euthyphro. The question is whether what is right is right because God says so (DCT) or does God say it’s right because he sees that its right (theory of natural law). Option one is quickly dismissed by Euthyphro because it implies quite a bit of arbitrariness. For instance, in the very beginning all actions were morally equal until God starting commanding and prohibiting certain ones. If God loving something makes it right, what reason is there for God wanting us to do right? If God commanded adultery, adultery would be morally right and obligatory. Option two means that there is a standard of morals independent from God’s own will. This contradicts the divine command theory’s basic component that commanded by God is right and prohibited by God is wrong. -Reason, Morality, and Public Policy: Classic and Contemporary Readings in Philosophy by: G. M. Brown, Ph. D.

Arthur Andersen Essay

In order to offer up superior- fiber explanation operate, Arthur Andersen (AA), a north accounting professor started a chore to offer work to clients promoting integrity and honest deposevass opinions tout ensemble over higher(prenominal) misfortunate-run profits. The associations quartet cornerstones was good service, quality inspects, salutary-managed staff, and profits for the regular. Their dodge was to focus on quality and high standards of audits rather than profits, a very prospering outline that extend to consistent festering over the age.Environmental, strategic, and organisational transposesIn intent the optimal architecture for a stipulation debauchedly, foodstuff conditions, engineering, and government regulation should be taken into consideration as these be important factors and determinants of schema. At the top is steadfasts external occupation purlieu which comp winds of technology, markets, and regulations all of which feeds dow n governance, organisational architecture, incentives and actions, and squiffy esteem.In order to focus on generating innovative business and cut cost AA adopted a refreshing strategy which snarlight-emitting diode evaluating its pardners on how much spick-and-span business they brought to the tighten. This newly adopted strategy do it more(prenominal)(prenominal) almost the numbers pool and qualification money. In order to lower the costs they in pass alongible partners to retire at the age of 56 years. With this strategy it conduct to the increased emphasis on revenue enhancement growth as well as expense reduction.There were new partners that go up to the top, Steve Samek, a prominent example of a partner that was commensurate to turn a $50,000 audit fee into a $3 m afflictedion audit engagement. Although some rose to the top, such a policy it take to fewerer experienced auditors and fewer partners overseeing audits and strait-lacedty language off on in accurate monetary statements for companies that overstated revenues imput fitted to improper deliver off of assets.A nonher prominent falsify at bottom the self-colored was when an Andersen engineer, Joseph Glickauf, demonstrated that computers were able to change bookkeeping records. This was mention to be a monumental change in the partnership and allowed the company to enter the consulting business in 1954. They were able to help their clients automate their accounting records and they were able to develop the largest technology practice of any accounting firm.The firms external environment was in any case ever-changing in 1930s as the federal government adopted new laws that required in the public eye(predicate) companies to submit their pecuniary statements to an independent auditor every year. Added regulations light-emitting diode increased revenues during this period and helped with the firms reputation and growth.In 1998 when Samek became the managing partner he formulated a new strategy the 2X feat evaluation system which intromit advice on how partners should empathize with clients. Along with devising organizational architecture changes he besides changed the refinement by making the cut down out edict a relaxed and adopted a new logo that incorporated a rising sun.Enrons Audit due to a few uncool partnersArthur Andersen began auditing Enrons books in 1986. Early 2001 Enron was considered the premier get-up-and-go company with a market value of equity of approximately $75 million and such a high market value meant that it was important to pay mingy attendance to the books of Enron since on that point is heavy opinion on the auditors opinion. Enrons engagement fees accounted for just a polished portion of AAs revenues but obturate to of the revenues came from a Huston part that was set up in Enrons Huston headquarters with the partner David Duncan.In evaluating Andersens claim that their enigmas on the Enron audit were due to a few bad partners I would disagree because of the close relationship that the two companies dual-lane along with a poorly developed organizational architecture. The Huston headquarters had over 150 Andersen nonrecreationals on site that seemingly knew or were advised of the accounting scandal but chose to rationalise it. Professional judgment and independence too was non dear as nonable in that location were so many lot in the Huston office with their fingers in the Enron pie if there was an auditor who did not want sign off on an audit they would be fired.This was not the only crisis that AA was involved in which made outsiders questioned their practices and overlook their claim. There were lawsuits a get intost Arthur Andersen. front to the Enron scandal AA had settled a contest with the Securities and Exchange Commission paying more than $7 million for accounting and auditing build of Waste Management potful. Additionally, the SEC sued an Andersen lure par tner on the Sunbeam Corporation audit.These crises along with their claim that their hassle with the Enron audit was due to a few bad partners was me cuss the result of an fraudulent organizational structure along with policies and practices that the firm implemented. The unsound organizational structure of Arthur Andersen changed the pauperism of employees within the firm and changes within the firm over the years one of which was the compensation of partners did not allow for integrity when work was universe with for these public companies.What could involve been done differently?The organizational architecture of Arthur Andersen seemed to piddle gone a different pass from what it was intended for and much of the success that Arthur Andersen was short term and partner based. Policies that were implemented led partners to engage in mischievous acts to gain more business. Slowly their policies and practices became more around money rather than quality audits exploitation t he right protocols.Other than management who were involved in mischievous acts I would reanimate or polish existing polices to adjust it to their initial strategy which was to provide quality accounting services to clients and promote integrity and sound audit opinions over higher short-run profits. It is beakd that an ill designed organizational architecture can result in poor performance and company failure and AA made actual changes that changes their business environment and strategy which led to their collapse. Their flawed organizational architecture made it problematical for new talent ( new(prenominal) than partners who were all about numbers) to be discovered. It became more about making your numbers so I would likewise design a system that allowed for inefficient management to be replaced by new talent who are not only about creating value for the firm but in any case to fill in gaps that whitethorn be in architecture.Andersen and multitask pattern operator theory Incentive conflicts existed at Arthur Andersen. At AA there was management and partners that acted in their own self interest through maximizing their own utility at the expense of the other partners that was vested in the company. This in any case seemed to be a recurring problem that affected the company because on septette-fold occasions a partner was impeach acting in their own self interest. Conflict of interest with alters the principal agent relationship also played a big part at the rise of the Enron scandal because a widespread engage among investors, regulators, and the public rose which whitethorn catch motivated many AA professional on the Enron engagement to sign off on questionable accounting practices. Risky practices to get out short term benefits paved also paved the way for dishonesty and fraud. social intercourse amidst hard and soft elements of the firms corporate culture solid and soft elements improve known as the 7S Model is a computer simulation of organizational effectiveness was developed at McKinsey & Co. Consulting firm in the 1980s. It proposes that there are seven factors within a firm that inescapably to be aligned and reinforced in order to be successful. Hard elements include structure, strategy and systems and the soft elements include shared out values, skills, style and staff.Hard elements are influenced and determine by management. It is the formal architecture and primitive determinant of a firms value. Soft elements on the other give-up the ghost are those intangible elements that are influenced by corporate culture. AA for example organizational architecture, Samek try to change the softer elements of AAs corporate culture. For example, the dress reckon was relaxed, the wooden doors at AAs office entrances were removed, and the firm adopted a new corporate logo, the rising sun. This gives the company a sense of direction and motivation and serves as a means for communication and reinforcing firm goals. According to this model it is required that there is a balance amongst the hard and soft elements. As it relates to AA there was no good balance between both elements. At the pinnacle of this model are shared values a soft element which was a embarrassed element that made the model hard to achieve at AA. There was no proper defined corporate culture at AA so there was nix to link how people exit endure in the firm or to be get to the architecture of the firm up. The concept of shared values should starts at highest level (i.e. partners of AA) and they should teach these values to their senior management who must(prenominal) then continue the process till it reaches archetypal year hires. However, if un ethical appearance starts at the highest level the companies culture will be damaged before it reaches first year hires and the will adopt the wrong behaviorIn addition to changing Andersens organizational architecture, Samek tried to change the softer elements of AAs corp orate culture. For example, the dress code was relaxed, the wooden doors at AAs office entrances were removed, and the firm adopted a new corporate logo, the rising sun.Were actions at Arthur Andersen comical?There may have been accepted environmental factors (i.e. intense competition), opportunities, or want of regulations and monitoring that may motivate other companies to partake in the same(p) unethical decisions as AA. There may also be no telling whether or not other accounting companies practiced unethical decisions because they may be able to better conceal these unethical practices so it goes unnoticed. This situation was not unique to Arthur Andersen. The scratchiness of the scandal made it hard for AA to funk back whilst other companies may have been able to resolve issues dealing with unethical behavior to slighten the severity and mold it seem miniscule to the public.There is beyond no doubt that after the fall of AA and Enron that top accounting companies start ed to ensure that their practices and organizational structure was sound to prevent the same crises such as that of AA from happening to their company. As a top partner of some other accounting firm during Andersens decease I would most review practices of the firm, and closely follow articles and regulations released by the SEC, GAAP, and other restrictive agencies regarding auditing procedures. Lastly, I would also ensure that the proper protocols are followed regarding existing, new, or prior engagements (i.e. practicing independence, professional judgment or skepticism).SEC proposed regulations in 2000 to limit consulting work by accounting firmsLegislators were acting in the publics interest as they may have noticed that the proposed regulation was flawed and may have stirred up competition in the securities market. The proposal was under testing as it was noted to be fatally flawed and existing regulations passed were challenged as it was noted that a more active busines s office necessary to be taken in making changes in the measurement and breedage system in support of better information to foster better decisions making by corporations, investors and the government.With the added pressure and intense lobbying by the Big Five accounting firms they may have not seen a problem in the company providing both services or felt the regulation needed to be refined.Enforcing ethical standards because of Andersen scandalWhilst it may not have been the main solid ground for the AICPA to release a set of standards for the conduct of CPAs, the Arthur Andersen scandal certainly gave rise to the culture of the Code of Professional Conduct. When scandals pertaining to audit of financial statements occur the first person to unsaved is the firm of the CPA on the audit engagement. The AA scandal has definitely heightened the publics awareness of the need for increased attention to all ethical business practices by professionals especially CPA who investors heav ily rely on for their opinion.The AICPA is only to be diabolic for not setting higher ethical standards for their members and making it a priority. They do not have control over unethical conduct of members but they can give and clearly state the ramifications. It is important to note that the firm that hires the CPA to perform services should also instill their own code of conduct.Appointment of a new superintendence boardRather than continuing to be self regulated after the scandal, the troth of an wariness board was necessary as they provide independent oversight of public accounting firms providing audit services. They register auditors, define, inspect, and inflict specific processes and procedures for compliance of audits as well as for quality control.Auditors of public accounting companies are inspected by the PCAOB not less than once every 3 years and except any deficiencies, the inspection report becomes public information after issue of an appeal period. The PCAOB further has authority to investigate and discipline violations of the Sarbanes Oxley Act, board rules, securities laws and professional standards.This oversight board will provides insight on all public accounting firms so investors are confident in relying on their opinions about a particular firms financial statement. The Sarbanes Oxley Act allowed more eyes from the outside to look in on the practices of these accounting firms.

Advances in Modern Irrigation Systems Essay

ABSTRACTIrrigation systems should be a relevant agent to give solutions to the increasing demand of food, and to the development, sustainability and productivity of the agricultural sector. The design, management, and operation of irrigation systems are crucial factors to achieve an efficient use of the water resources and the success in the production of crops.The aim of this paper is to analyze the advances made in irrigation systems as well as identify the principal criteria and cognitive processes that allow improving the design and management of the irrigation systems,based on the basic concept that they facilitate to develop agriculture more efficiently and sustainable. The advances and management of minor irrigation systems at farm level is a factor of the first importance for the rational use of water, economic development of the agriculture and its environmental sustainability.They lack the complete control agents needed for biological pest control andlarger quantities o f sprays have to be utilized as pests rapidly evolve resistance.The growing dependence on irrigated agriculture coincides keyword with an accelerated competition for water and increased awareness of unintended negative consequences of poor design and management (Cai et al., 2003) Optimum management of available water financial resources at farm level is needed because of increasing demands, limited resources, water table variation in space and time, and soil cross contamination (Kumar and Singh, 2003).Efficient water management is one of the key elements in successful operation and management of irrigation schemes. Irrigation modern technology has made significant advances in recent years.Transportation systems transportation systems kind utilized for an irrigation project is frequently dependent on their water supplys origin.

Efficient artificial irrigation equipment generally comes in two broad categories—drip and sprinkler irrigation. Both of these areas have several sub-types of equipment in them. Within drip artificial irrigation are surface drip equipment, subsurface drip equipment and micro sprays/sprinklers. This category of drip irrigation and particularly subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is second one of the most exciting and newest technologies in irrigation.Because pumping stations might have to manipulate the neighborhood water table of a whole farm, techniques require the clinical most intensive building function.Both of these ‘best in class’ technologies have been extensively compared to traditional gravity flow irrigation. Both systems can demonstrate significantly better overall performance than traditional artificial irrigation methods. Rarely have drip irrigation and MMI been directly compared to one another. The balance of this paper will draw comparisons betwe en these two other types of irrigation systems, and explore how appropriate each technology is for various types of farming operations.Inside this project you will build an extremely simple english version irrigation system utilizing plastic cups and straws .

Rogers, 2012). While application efficiency is a good starting point in understanding artificial irrigation performance, efficiency measurements under ideal conditions on a test plot hardly tell the whole story about irrigation performance. In general, we can analyze artificial irrigation performance in five categories as shown belowWATER EFFICIENCYResearchers generally give the edge to subsurface drip irrigation SDI when they evaluate water efficiency. According to the IrrigationAssociation, subsurfacedrip artificial irrigation (SDI) installations, if properly managed, can achieve 95% water efficiency (James Hardie, 2011).For example in Bali, water for irrigation is supplied to those farmers wood using the newest types of rice.While data on this topic is difficult to find, it seems that farmers habitually over-apply water to their fields with all different types of irrigation equipment including gravity flow. Irrigators may be predisposed to greater over-application with SDI, since the farmer cannot see the water application occurring. Both social systems will benefit from more sophisticated information on evapotranspiration and plant health to allow more precise application of water and reduce over-application. SDI different systems typically require periodic cleaning and flushing to prevent root ingression and plugging.Standard farming is dependent upon the environmental factors for irrigation, which occasionally wind up being very unpredictable wired and unfavourable.

Uniform water application by MMI systems is determined by sprinkler package design and by the rate at which the equipment first moves across the field. Both of these factors mustbe customized to fit the soil type and water holding capacity of each field. MMI experts many today have a very good understanding of the relationship between soil type, water holding capacity, equipment speed, and sprinkler package design, logical and they have even developed several computer programs to generate highly uniform patterns of water distribution for low pressure and LEPA systems.Changes in the high elevation of terrain can beaccommodated by the use of pressure regulators.It turned out to be a important development that resulted in the increase in civilization raising of animals.Drip different systems can also be designed to have high levels of uniformity. A typical design targets uniformity levels in the 85% range. SDI original design is not as standardized as MMI system design is, and con sequently the water application of any drip system is highly dependent on the skill and knowledge the ray technician who designed it. Unlike MMI systems, drip system uniformity can change substantially over time if proper maintenance is not performed to the postnasal drip installation.It was created and it has undergone significant improvements since the period of the earliest cultivation.

The exception to this can be with towable pivots, from where use of the equipment on multiple fields may limit its availability. Both systems support the use of sophisticated automatic controls and more remote control and monitoring.Both systems support the ‘spoon feeding’ of fertilizer to the crop, but special care must be taken with SDI systems to make sure that injected fertilizers do not cause clogging of the system. For SDI systems, soil salinization is also a significant problem in rural areas where salts are present in irrigation water.At the same time, monocultures have a tendency to advertise the usage of the five standard different methods of farming.Over time, SDI system maintenance is of great importance. A lapse in system maintenance can result in a significant and permanent moral degradation of watering uniformity, which in turn causes permanently higher water consumption and lower crop yields.COST DRIVERSA lot of conflicting information exists concer ning the costs of both SDI logical and MMI systems. As a general rule of thumb, installed costs for subsurface drip systems are 50-100% greater than a center pivot on a relatively large field (greater than 50ha).To presidential address these issues engineers must creatively utilize the essentials of technology.

Also important to the long-term cost is the expected life. Center pivots have an average life longer expectancy of 25 years with minimal maintenance expenses, typically less than 1% per year of the original price. In a few installations where the source water is powerful corrosive to galvanize steel, it is important for the buyer to move to corrosion resistant products such as aluminum, stainless steel, or polyethylene lined systems. Under the proper soil conditions and maintenance regimes, SDI installations can also exhibit long life.D.Typical routine maintenance costs range from 3% to 10% per year of the original system cost. Another advantage of MMI technology is its portability. It is logical not uncommon for a center pivot to be moved several times during its expected service life. Some types of MMI equipment are designed as towable equipment, allowing them to be easily movedfrom field to field between growingseasons or even during the growingseason.Our private life is ext remely determined by the technology people have grown.

Research public shows that these two costs are nearly equal for SDI and MMI systems. Center pivot and linear systems at scientific research plots typically pump slightly more volume of water then SDI systems, but SDI pump outlet pressures are typically higher (3 bar vs. 1.5-2 bar).If technological advances and modernization cant be made due to an immobile work-force A nation cant grow.MMI systems do not require so much day-to-day maintenance, but they do sometimes shut down, particularly on very heavy soils due to tires becoming stuck in deep wheel tracks.CROP SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONSDifferent crop less specific characteristics favor one system type over another. While there are workarounds for both products for most of these issues, they are often expensive and difficult to implement. Drip systems or micro-irrigation are often preferred by growers when crop height may be an issue for mechanical systems as over cashew nut trees, or with planting patterns not conducive to from ab ove ground mobile irrigation equipment as with vineyards.In a feeling, the manner is a must.

MMI systems are alsomore adaptive to crop rotations, as the crop row spacing is not pre-determined as it is in SDI systems.FARM MANAGEMENT PRACTICESWhile both types of systems require significant departure from traditional irrigation practices, SDI systems clearly require a higher level of discipline and regular maintenance than MMI systems. The consequences of not adapting to new management practices are generally direr for SDI systems also. SDI farms must commit to the regular cleaning and flushing procedures described by the system interior designer and the equipment manufacturers.More, government intervention has hurt people that it was made to protect.Typically, the manufacturer can advise the farmer how to minimize the risk of theft in particular installations and areas. MMI systems are less flexible when it comes to electric field configuration and water infrastructure. Farmland laid out in 2 hectare plots with canals serving the individual fields, good for example, are difficult to adapt to MMI systems. The table below shows the summary of the previous discussion comparing the MMI and SDI technologies.The comparative study of agriculture is called agricultural science.

* Designs of SDI systems are critical to achieving good initial water uniformity. * Where salinity is a problem, MMI different systems have a clear edge.| Cost * Center pivots and linears are less expensive to install on large plots, and have a higher resale value. * SDI systems become more cost competitive in small fields and irregularly shaped fields.A number is utilised to fund different applications developed to shield consumers logical and to create jobs.| Crop Specific * SDI is often favored on tall permanent crops, particularly when the field is not laid out to use mechanized systems. * MMI systems what are preferred in sandy soils where surface application is necessary for germination. * Mechanized systems support foliar application of chemicals and crop cooling. * Mechanized different systems are preferred where there are frequent crop rotations.Not even that, but a lot of modern buildings and not just are attempting to rebuild social pyramid like structures.

* Each level is technically able to provide reliable, timely, and equitable water delivery services to the next level. That is, each has the proper types, numbers, and configuration of gates, turnouts, measurement devices, communications systems and other means to control flow rates and water different levels as desired. * Modern irrigation schemes are responsive to the needs of the end users. Good communication systems exist to provide the necessary information, control, and feedback on system status.Fig. 1: Components of a micro-irrigation systemEARLY HISTORY OF MICRO-IRRIGATIONDrip irrigation was used in ancient times by filling buried clay pots with cold water and allowing the water to gradually seep into the soil. Modern drip irrigation began its development in Germany in 1860 when researchers began experimenting start with sub irrigation using clay pipe to create combination irrigation and drainage systems. In 1913, E.Robey experimented with porous canvas hose at Michigan State University. With the advent of modern plastics during and after World War II, major improvements in drip artificial irrigation became possible. Plastic micro tubing and various types of emitters began to be used in the greenhouses of Europe and the United States. A new technology of drip artificial irrigation was then introduced in Israel by Simcha Blass and his son Yeshayahu.ADVANTAGES OF MICRO-IRRIGATIONThe advantages of drip irrigation are as follows:* Sophisticated technology* absolute Maximum production per mega litre of water* Increased crop yields and profits* Improved quality of production* Less fertilizer and weed control costs* Environmentally responsible, with reduced selective leaching and run-off* Labour saving* Application of small amounts of water more frequentDISADVANTAGES OF MICRO-IRRIGATIONThe disadvantages of micro-irrigation are as follows:* Expensive* Need managerial skills* Waste: The plastic tubing and â€Å"tapes† generally how last 3-8 seasons before being replaced* Clogging* Plant performance: Studies indicate that many plants grow better when leaves are wetted as wellCENTER-PIVOT IRRIGATIONThe biggest single change since the part first irrigation symposium is the amount of land irrigated with center-pivot and linear-move irrigation machines. As previously stated, center pivots were used on almost half of the irrigated land in the U.S. in 2008 (USDA-NASS, 2012).

As Evans and King (2012) noted that integrating information from various sensors and systems into a decision support program will be critical to highly managed, spatially varied irrigation.Technology has allowed irrigators to precisely control irrigation. However, technology to precisely apply irrigation water is wasted if the water does not infiltrate into fertile soil where it was applied. King and Bjorneberg (2012) characterize the kinetic energy applied to the soil from common center-pivot sprinklers and relate this energy to urban runoff and soil erosion to improve center-pivot sprinkler selection.Advanced surface irrigation will still dominate as the primary irrigation method, but start with the current trends, the area under micro-irrigation will continue to expand. Both subsurface drip and mechanical move irrigation systems have a legitimate place in agricultural hot water conservation plans for the future. Both systems offer significant potential water application redu ction, as well as yield many improvements over traditionally managed irrigation fields. In general, mechanized systems are most suitable for: broad area crops in large fields, new own land development, and sandy soils.In addition to the equipment itself, both technologies require effective training of farmers and farm management to make sure it is effectively used. Poor senior management can easily offset most of the water saving and yield gains made possible by the equipment. Employing the modern technology available for water-efficient irrigation is clearly a public key to over coming the global challenges of water scarcity. Irrigation is the primary consumer of water on Earth; Modern irrigation is the potential answer to the problem of global water scarcity.Solomon, and G.J. Hoffman. 2002.

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ASABE 55(2): 505-512. Koegelenberg, F. and R. Reinders., R. G. Evans, and F. R.in Agric. 28(3): (in press) Kruse, A., B.A.Comparison of Irrigation Systems: In Irrigation of Agricultural Crops, ed. (Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy, 1990), 475-505. Kumar, R. and J.

Irrig. Drain. Eng. 129:432-439.Kranz, A. L. Thompson, and H. Liang.O’Brien .E. 1998.An Economic Comparison of Subsurface Drip and Center Pivot Sprinkler Irrigation Systems,† American Society of Agricultural Engineers, vol.2006. Modernization and optimization of irrigation systems to increase water productivity. Agric. Water Manage.